Logical Data Modeling
Review Lecture for
University of Agder, Grimstad
DAT202 Databaser (5.5.11)
Judith Molka-Danielsen
j.molka-danielsen@himolde.no
Overview
Real world problem:
Represent order taking activity in logical relational database that will allow
quick and accurate retrieval of data.
Relational models are dimensional – all pieces are not in one physical file.
We need to convert a physical database to a logical relational data model,
using relations between customers and orders of products.
To convert the physical world to a logical data model we must:
1. Identify candidate keys
2. Select primary keys (PK)
3. Apply normalization
Goal of the prior steps is to produce an Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD).
Data elements
•
Order Clump- related data file – each field is a data element
– OrderNr
– OrderDate
– CustomerNr
– CustomerName
– CustomerAddress
– ItemNr
– ItemName
– ItemQuantity
– ItemPrice
– ItemAmount
CustNr
CustName
Quantity
Price
ItemAmount
1
2
…many
Line items are occurrences of every item associated with an order.
Keys
Candidate keys – We look for attributes that uniquely define the data
element. For example, a personal number can be used to uniquely define
an employee.
• There can be more than one candidate key. The employee can be found by
an EmployeeID also. But the winner should be the one that is used the
most to find the employee, and this becomes the Primary Key (PK).
• In our example we pick OrderNr as the PK. No other order has the same
order number.
• Other keys can be used to find the record, but are not included in the
logical data model. (secondary or alternative keys)
• Foreign key (FK) – a common data element between two groups of
associated items. This can be between two or more primary keys.
EmployeeID
Primary Key (PK)
PersonalNr
Secondary or alternative key
Some ERD defintions
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•
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Entity – object, thing. A file in logical modeling is called an entity.
Entity type – a class of entity, e.g. customer.
Entity instance (occurrence) – a specific entity, ”customer number 2000”
Attribute – properties of an object. Elements become attributes.
Attributes specify properties of an entity, e.g. CustName
• Relationship – association among entities. Describes the connection
between two entities. Relationships between entities of the same type
have the same attributes.
• Degree – number of occurrences of each entity (1:m), (1:1), or (m:m).
• Dependency – means changes in an element (OrderNr) will change what
you are looking at in the data.
Entities and relationships in the ER can map to relationships in the
relations database (RDB).
Not all relationships in the ER map to relations in the RDB.
Normalization
• Normalization has two purposes:
– Removal of data redundancy
– Data integrity is maintained
• Integrity – ”Completeness: unity. Soundness. Complete and
not corrupted. ”
• Normalizaton protects integrity of data, because it provides
referential integrity between data fields.
• If you violate Normalization, the integrity of the data is at risk.
Normalization – The rules of one
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One type of items = one entity (table)
One Item = one tuple (row)
One descriptive fact = one attribute (column)
Every attribute must describe the entity
Normalization
• 1st Normal Form (1.NF)
– There must be no repeating elements (no repeating
groups).
• 2nd Normal Form (2.NF)
– There can be no partial dependencies on part of the PK.
• 3rd Normal Form (3.NF)
– There can be no non-key attributes dependent on another
non-key attribute (that is we cannot have 2 elements
dependent on each other).
This is called ”decomposition” – breaking the data down into
dimensions.
How do we achieve Normal Form?
1st Normal Form - example
Test for 1NF: are there repeating groups of elements? If so,
you must create a new entity. The new element will have a
concatenated PK. For example: (OrderNr, ItemNr)
(The first grouping
is Not in 1NF)
ItemNr
ItemName
ItemPrice
ItemQuantity
ItemAmount
ItemDescrip
Some elements will be left in the
old grouping, and groups may be
further decomposed.
Order Clump
OrderNr
CustNr
CustName
CustAddress
Order
TotalAmount
Moving over
elements to a
new entity.
This is 1NF.
OrderNr ItemNr
ItemName
ItemPrice
ItemQuantity
ItemAmount
ItemDescrip
OrderNr
ItemNr
100
a
100
b
100
200
200
Item
ItemNr
2nd Normal Form - example
• Test 2NF – do we have a partial dependency? Is it
c
possible a non-key entity (ItemName) is dependent
on one portion of the concatenated key (OrderNr,
b
ItemNr), instead of on the whole?
r
• Example – if no one already ordered item ”z” then
you cannot add the item. Some try to create a fake
order to accommodate this, but can cause
problems later.
If 2NF test fails -> create a new entity
• Take a portion of the key that causes the violation
to bring over to the new entity. (ItemName was
only dependent on ItemNR.)
– If an entity is in 1NF and it does not have a
ItemName
concatenated key, then it is already in 2NF.
ItemPrice
ItemDescrip – If an entity fails 1NF, then you must test for 2NF.
– ItemQuanity and ItemAmount are dependent
on the whole order, so they should stay in the
old entity.
3rd Normal Form - example
Customer
CustNr
• Test 3NF: No non-key attributes can be
dependent on another. Are there any?
• CustName is dependent on CustNr and is a
CustName
violation of 3NF.
CustAddress
• Create a new entity.
• The PK of the new entity will be the non-key
attribute of the old one that is really not nonkey. CustNr must be a key.
• But now there is no longer a relationship
between other groups (entities). So you need
a foreign key (FK).
• CustNr becomes the PK in the new entity, and
becomes the FK in the Orders attribute. The
FK stores a pointer to where the data resides
in the Customer table.
3NF (side issues)
• Another violation, is if you have a
derived data element. If you look at
ItemAmount it is derived from
ItemQuantity. (Q x P = A)
• So we take out ItemAmount.
• You can take out the derived entity,
and then you have to calculate
them each time you do a query.
But, if you change price or change
quantity, then you have to
remember to change amount,
which could cause integrity
problems.
• We then have to add an element,
OrderItemPrice that is diffferent
from the ItemPrice, in case the
quantity changes over time. It will
then change the derived amount.
ERD
Order
(OrderNr, ItemNR) (PK)
CustNr (FK)
ERD
Items
(ItemNr) (PK)
-this is a simple PK
(ItemNr, OrderNr)
-are a complex FK
ERD
Customer
CustNr (PK)
- this is a simple PK
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//
SCRIPT FOR Standard SQL
//
Generated from Modelator 03.05.2011 17:57:42
Model : Orders-Manage-simple-v2.mr4
//
DROP
DROP TABLE Customer;
DROP TABLE Order;
DROP TABLE Items;
//
TABLES
CREATE TABLE Customer (
CustNr INTEGER NOT NULL,
CustName VARCHAR(25),
CustAddress VARCHAR(75),
PRIMARY KEY (
CustNr
)
);
CREATE TABLE Order (
ItemNr INTEGER NOT NULL,
OrderNr INTEGER NOT NULL,
CustNr INTEGER,
ItemQuantity INTEGER,
OrderItemPrice DECIMAL(4,1),
PRIMARY KEY (
ItemNr,
OrderNr
)
);
CREATE TABLE Items (
ItemNr INTEGER NOT NULL,
OrderNr INTEGER NOT NULL,
ItemName VARCHAR(25),
ItemDescrip VARCHAR(75),
ItemPrice DECIMAL(4,1),
PRIMARY KEY (
ItemNr,
OrderNr
)
Modellator 4.0
allows exporting
a model to a
database. Here
only the script is
exported.
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//
FOREIGN KEYS
ALTER TABLE Order
ADD
FOREIGN KEY (
CustNr
)
REFERENCES Customer (
CustNr
);
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ALTER TABLE Items
ADD
FOREIGN KEY (
ItemNr,
OrderNr
)
REFERENCES Order (
ItemNr,
OrderNr
);
//
INDEXES
CREATE INDEX ItemNr ON Items (
ItemNr ASC
);
//
INDEXES ON FOREIGN KEYS
CREATE INDEX FK1_Customer_Order ON Order (
CustNr
);
//
COMMENTS ON TABLES AND COLUM
NS
//
GRANT ACCESS
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GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON Customer TO
PUBLIC;
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON Order TO
PUBLIC;
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON Items TO
PUBLIC;
You should be able to change the logical model when the
physical world changes: Can add relations and entities/attributes
later..
For example
• Sellers – add
sellers
information
• ItemCategory –
add category
codes
• Order –add
order date
• May choose to
remove derived
values (e.g. Price
* Quantity =
Amount)