Energy and Carbon Performance of Housing:
Upgrade Analysis, Energy Labelling and National Policy
Development
Joe Clarke, Cameron Johnstone, Jae-min Kim, Paul Tuohy
Energy Systems Research Unit, University of Strathclyde
Simulation has the
potential to underpin
future legislative
requirements of the
EPBD.
Scottish Building
Standards Agency funded
work to investigate
national domestic stock
upgrades and individual
dwelling certification.
Project context: Scotland
1.
Stock: 2,278,000 dwellings
refurbishment requirement.
with
a
high
2.
Dwelling types: detached, semi-detached, terraced,
tenement (flats with shared access), four-in-a-block,
tower block, conversions.
3.
Materials: brick/block (67%), sandstone (18%),
whin/granite (4%), non-traditional (10%).
4.
Construction system: cavity wall (72%), solid wall (28%).
5.
External finish: rendered (71%), stone (18%), brick (5%), nontraditional (5%).
6.
Energy: dwellings comprise a high proportion of overall
energy consumption  14.5 TWh/yr (5.5 MT CO2) for heating
against a total demand of 85 TWh/yr.
Stock performance
1. Insulation and heating systems
 80% have loft insulation (only 12% meet the 1991 building
standards)
 92% have hot water tank insulation (5% to an unacceptable
level)
 74% have pipe insulation (13% to an unacceptable level)
 70% have gas central heating (14% are partial installations)
2. General
 mean National Home Energy Rating is 4.1
(0 poor - 10 good)
 need for energy efficiency improvements
 fuel poverty, hypothermia, condensation
and mould growth are concerns
Relevant upgrades
 wall, floor, loft, tank and pipe insulation
 draught-proofing
 heating system and control improvements
 double/advanced glazing
 low energy lights and appliances
 solar thermal/electric
EDEM model constructed
 wind energy
by applying the ESP-r
 recovered heat
system to the national
housing stock
Legislative questions
 what upgrades offer best value?
 what deployment combinations are suited to the
different house/construction types?
 how should the deployments be phased over time?
 can simulation be used to answer such questions?
EDEM: stock modelling
 Problematic because of the many permutations of house
types, constructional systems and upgrade measures.
 Easy to identify dwelling types from an architecture
and construction (A/C) viewpoint, but ….
• dwellings belonging to the same A/C group may have
different energy consumption (/m2) due to dissimilar
energy efficiency measures having been applied;
• dwellings corresponding to different A/C groups may
have the same consumption because the governing
design parameters are essentially the same.
 => operate in terms of TCs not A/C types.
Project method
 Assume thermodynamic classes (TC) where different A/C types
may belong to the same TC.
Dwelling model:
 There
are 6,480living,
TCs each
representing
unique
 comprises
eating
and sleeping
areascombination of 7
fabric
andtypical
6 system
design
parameters
thatand
maycontrol
exist atset-points
several
 has
usage
patterns,
exposures
levels.
 has TC specific design parameters applied
 is subjected
to long term
representative
climate
 Determine
the normalised
energy
performance
of each TCs by
simulation.
Simulation context may be varied to represent future scenarios
(e.g. climate
or improved
living
 Relate
existingchange
or proposed
dwellings
to astandards).
TC via the present level
of its governing design parameters.
 Should any design parameters be changed as part of an upgrade
then that house is deemed to have moved to another TC.
 TCs therefore represent all possibilities now and in the future.
discrete designs
universe of
possible
TCs
dwellings
• well insulated
• high internal mass
• large windows
construction
• well sealed
•…
Thermodynamic class (TC) determinant parameters
are unique combinations of
parameters:
Parameter
Values
Comments
insulation level (6)
insulation
U of wall, floor, roof, glazing
poor
pre 1965
1.80 0.86 0.93 5.1
capacity level (2)
mid
1981 regulations
0.60 0.45 0.35 3.3
warm
2002 regulations
capacity position (3)
0.30 0.25 0.16 2.2
good
2007 regulations
0.25 0.22 0.16 1.8
air permeability (3)
int
intermediate
0.15 0.15 0.10 1.4
super
advanced
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.8
window size (3)
infiltration
Air change rate
poor
typical
1.5
exposure (5)
standard
1997 regulations
1.0
tight
best practice
0.5
wall-to-floor ratio (2)
effusivity (Jm K s )
capacity
and systems parameters:
low
timber frame or drylined
675
high
1285
plaster on solid
fuel type (5)
exposure
number of exposed surfaces
fm
3 sides, 0 roof/floor
3 external surfaces
plant type (8)
ftg
3 sides, 1 roof/floor
4 external surfaces
mt
2 sides, 2 roof/floor
4 external surfaces
plant efficiency (3)
sdet
3 sides, 2 roof/floor
5 external surfaces
DHW (3)
det
4 sides, 2 roof/floor
6 external surfaces
wall ratio
number of storeys
RES type (3)
low
1
walls lower % of envelope
high
2
walls
higher6,480
% of envelope
RES scale (3)
simulated
giving
2
x
3,240
combinations
representing
models
• poor insulation
inherited
• low mass the universe of possibilities.
-2
• small windows
• leaky
•…
-1 -1/2
behaviour
EDEM: performance rating
Insulation:
poor
ave
high
Infiltration:
leaky
ave
tight
Glazed area:
std
large
Capacity:
high
low
Gains:
low
med
high
Operation:
frugal
ave
profl
Exposure:
high
h-m
ave
UKCIP
std
future
frugal
ave
profl
Low carbon heating:
no
med
high
performance
(kgCO2/m2.yr)
Heating system efficiency:
low
med
high
A+
A
B
C
D
E
F
Climate:
Hot water use:
Water heat sys efficiency:
low
med
high
Energy efficiency lights:
no
med
all
Appliances:
low
med
high
Low carbon electricity:
no
med
high
Emissions factors:
low
med
high
eco
m-l
super
individual
dwelling
statement
low
(-20-0)
(0-15)
(15-30)
(30-45)
(45-60)
(60-80)
(80+)
current
rating
equivalent
new build
rating
B
F
Energy performance characterised
by the appropriate combination of
key parameters
EDEM: performance rating, SAP emulation
Fabric loss (exp, ins):
v.high
high
ave
Infiltration:
leaky
ave
tight
Glazed area:
std
large
Capacity:
low
Gains:
std
Operation:
std
Climate:
std
Hot water use:
std
Low carbon heating:
Heating system efficiency:
no
low
med
med
low
v.low
individual
dwelling
statement
high
high
Water heat sys efficiency:
low
med
high
Energy efficiency lights:
no
med
all
performance
(kgCO2/m2.yr)
A+
A
B
C
D
E
F
(-20-0)
(0-15)
(15-30)
(30-45)
(45-60)
(60-80)
(80+)
current
rating
B
F
Appliances:
Low carbon electricity:
Emissions factors:
no
med
std
high
equivalent
new build
rating
Options may be
restricted to align with
SAP 2005 assumptions
TC Parameters
Regression equation coefficients
a
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1/0/2/2/0
0/0/2/2/0
1/0/1/1/1
0/0/0/0/0
0/0/0/1/0
0/0/1/2/0
1/1/1/0/0
1/1/0/1/0
1/0/0/0/2
1/0/0/1/2
1/0/1/2/2
1/0/2/1/2
0/0/2/0/2
0/0/1/1/2
1/1/2/0/1
1/2/2/2/0
0/1/1/0/1
0/1/1/2/1
0/1/2/2/1
1/1/1/1/2
1/1/2/2/2
0/1/1/0/2
1/2/1/2/0
E
=aθ+
0/2/1/0/1
0/1/0/1/2
0/2/0/2/1
1/2/0/2/2
1/2/1/0/2
0/2/0/0/2
0/2/1/2/2
-1.003
0.181
-0.946
-0.755
-0.969
-0.889
-0.857
-0.854
-0.855
-0.856
-0.800
0.915
-0.685
-0.742
0.001
-0.610
-0.610
-0.523
-0.557
-0.555
-0.196
-0.469
b-0.465
Rd +
-0.396
-0.425
-0.389
-0.237
-0.228
-0.159
-0.157
b
-0.008
-0.015
-0.005
-0.007
-0.009
-0.007
-0.011
-0.011
-0.011
-0.011
-0.010
-0.013
-0.003
-0.005
0.007
-0.003
-0.003
-0.009
-0.009
-0.009
-0.006
-0.006
c-0.009
Rf +
-0.005
-0.007
-0.005
-0.009
-0.009
-0.005
-0.005
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
-0.115 0.0097 0.0008 0.0052 -0.110 0
0.0009 0.0130
-0.157 0.2350 -0.0020 0.0013 -0.190 0.00010 0.0030 0.0204
-0.106 -0.0080 0.0009 0.0044 -0.107 0
0.0006
0.0128
-0.100 large
-0.0940windows,
0.0028 0.0012
-0.121
0
-0.0020
0.0171
poor insulation, high
-0.112 0.0387 0.0009 0.0052 -0.105 0
0.0010 0.0127
capacity
(externally
located),
high
-0.098 0.0155 0.0007 0.0046 -0.096 0
0.0009 0.0130
-0.113 infiltration,
0.0048 0.0010… 0.0054 -0.102 0
0.0007 0.0127
-0.112 0.0060 0.0010 0.0053 -0.102 0
0.0007 0.0127
-0.113 0.0064 0.0010 0.0054 -0.103 0
0.0007 0.0128
-0.114 0.0078 0.0010 0.0055 -0.104 0
0.0008 0.0129
-0.100 0.0093 0.0011 0.0048 -0.100 0
0.0008 0.0123
-0.229 0.0491 -0.0060 0.0047 -0.220 0.00040 0.0081 0.0194
-0.086 0.0552 0.0007 0.0038 -0.083 0
0.0002 0.0105
-0.105 0.0579 0.0007 0.0053 -0.083 0
0.0007 0.0103
-0.113 -0.0240 -0.0020 0.0014 -0.072 0.00020 0
0.0096
-0.087 0.0602 0.0007 0.0043 -0.076 0
0.0008 0.0091
-0.087 0.0604 0.0007 0.0043 -0.076 0
0.0008 0.0091
-0.097 0.0134 0.0002 0.0051 -0.072 0
0.0006 0.0090
-0.096 0.0489 0.0005 0.0053 -0.071 0
0.0007 0.0090
-0.096 0.0487 0.0005 0.0052 -0.071 0
0.0007 0.0090
-0.092 -0.0190 -0.0010 0.0034 -0.063 0.00003 0.0013 0.0073
-0.084 0.0527 0.0005 0.0045 -0.070 0
0.0009 0.0085
-0.102 0.0130 0.0002 0.0053 -0.071 0
dV
+ e θ Rd + f θ Rf + g θ V + h Rd Rf + i RdV +0.0006
j Rf V +0.0091
k
-0.088 0.0425
0.0001 0.0047 -0.068 0
0.0010
0.0080
-0.076 0.0547 0.0005 0.0042 -0.065 0
0.0094 0.0078
-0.086 0.0396 0.0001 0.0046 -0.066 0
0.0091 0.0078
-0.074 -0.0050 0
0.0040 -0.046 0.00004 0.0002 0.0063
-0.069 -0.0060 0
0.0038 -0.042 0.00004 0.0001 0.0058
-0.053 0.0079 0
0.0032 -0.036 0.00002 0.0004 0.0043
-0.052 0.0077 0
0.0031 -0.035 0.00002 0.0004 0.0043
k
22.7
17.4
21.5
22.9
21.6
19.7
19.2
19.1
19.1
19.2
17.7
12.3
14.5
15.2
11.0
12.4
12.4
11.6
11.5
11.4
10.0
9.7
10.5
8.7
8.6
8.6
6.0
5.6
3.9
3.9
EDEM validation (v. measured and full scale simulation)
Dwelling Type
Detached Semi-detached Terrace Tenement flat 4-in-a-block
As built
As
As
As
As
built
#1 built #1 built
#2 built #1
Heating demand
(kWh m-2y-1)
43
71
43
87 41
81
34
66
30
TC model
TC heating
(kWh m-2y-1)
13
46
30
76
18
46
28 13
91 46
29
87
21
34
11
67
26
26
% difference
7
7
7
5
7
3
2
-13
12
#1: with double glazing, cavity and loft insulation and draught proofing.
#2: with double glazing, internal insulation and draught proofing.
EDEM validation (v. published NHER ratings)
EDEM (Electric)
EDEM (Gas)
160
140
120
100
EDEM
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
NHER
120
140
160
EDEM: application scale
Individual dwelling
EPBD rating and action
plan generation
Stock rating and upgrade
strategy appraisal
Individual
dwelling
statement
Scottish house
condition survey
EDEM
performance
(kgCO2/m2.yr)
A+
A
B
C
D
E
F
(-20-0)
(0-15)
(15-30)
(30-45)
(45-60)
(60-80)
(80+)
60
current
rating
Certificate and
improvement advice
equivalent
new build
rating
B
performance
(kgCO2/m2.yr)
Scottish housing stock
F
Emissions
50
App
40
Lights
30
HW
20
Heat
10
CONTEXT
0
1996
2002
2020A
2020B
2020C
policy, climate, fuel,
demographics,
economics
A+
A
B
C
D
E
F
(-20-0)
(0-15)
(15-30)
(30-45)
(45-60)
(60-80)
(80+)
current
rating
equivalent
new build
rating
B
F
EDEM in use
EDEM in use: emissions label
property description
type
footprint
storeys
window size
infiltration
insulation
heating system
low energy lighting
renewable energy
det
45
2
10
poor
poor
g(old)
0%
no
carbon emission rate
performance
2
(kgCO2/m .yr)
A+
A
B
C
D
E
F
(-20-0)
(0-15)
(15-30)
(30-45)
(45-60)
(60-80)
(80+)
current
rating
equivalent
new build
rating
B
F
property description
carbon emission rate
performance
high heating
tight
new
insulation
air leakage:
system:
level:
type
footprint
storeys
window size
infiltration
insulation
heating system
low energy lighting
renewable energy
det
45
2
10
poor
tight
high
g(new)
g(old)
0%
no
2
(kgCO2/m .yr)
A+
A
B
C
D
E
F
(-20-0)
(0-15)
(15-30)
(30-45)
(45-60)
(60-80)
(80+)
current
rating
equivalent
new build
rating
B
C
D
B
EDEM in use: energy certificate
ENERGY
CERTIFICATE
current rating
Current Property
size:
footprint
SAP rating
60
storeys
1
current
type:
household
questionnaire
House type: det,sd-et,mt,flat
flat
Window %TFA: (10 or 25):
10
parameters:
Airflow: tight, std, poor:
poor
Insulation: high, std, poor
poor
Heating: el, g(old), g(new)
el
LEL: 0%, 50%, 100%
0%
RES: no,shw,(pv+shw tbd)
no
A (100-120)
B (85-100)
C (70-84)
D (55-69)
E (40-54)
F (25-39)
G (1-24)
annual fuel cost:
34
£802
improved rating
SAP rating
improved
Improved Property
parameters:
Airflow: tight, std, poor:
poor
Insulation: high, std, poor
poor
Heating: el, g(old), g(new)
g(new)
LEL: 0%, 50%, 100%
0%
RES: no,shw,(pv+shw tbd)
no
A (100-120)
B (85-100)
C (70-84)
D (55-69)
E (40-54)
F (25-39)
G (1-24)
annual fuel cost:
85
£198
improvement
advice
EDEM application: national scale
Date
Pre 1919-65 (64%)
Cavity
Solid
Type
1965-82 (25%)
Non-trad.
Cavity
Solid
Cavity | Solid
1982-02 (11%)
Non-trad.
Cavity | Solid
Cavity
Totals
Timber | Trad.
62%
Houses
Detached
4%
5%
4%
0.5% 0.5%
2%
2%
18%
Semi-detached
8%
5%
4%
0.5% 0.5%
1.5%
1.5
21%
8.5%
3.5%
6%
1.5% 1.5%
1%
1%
24%
Terraced
0.5
0.5%
38%
Flats
Tenement
6%
9%
1%
Four-in-a-block
6%
2%
0.5%
Tower block
1%
Conversion
Total (2.1 M)
1%
3%
0.5% 0.5%
0.5% 0.5%
1%
1%
0.5%
0.5%
10%
1.5%
3%
2%
33.5% 26.5% 2.5%
23%
2%
2%
17.5%
0%
4.5% 3.5%
5.5%
5.5%
100%
TC assignment
Date
Pre 1919-65 (64%)
Cavity
Solid
Type
1965-82 (25%)
Non-trad.
Cavity
Solid
Cavity | Solid
1982-02 (11%)
Non-trad.
Cavity | Solid
Cavity
Timber | Trad.
62%
Houses
Detached
6
2,1
Semi-detached
6
2, 1
Terraced
6
1, 21
6
2
6,7,17,
18
6,7,17,
18
6,7,17,
18
6, 18
2, 19
26
17, 18
18%
6, 18
2, 19
26
17, 18
21%
6, 18
2, 19
26
17, 18
24%
38%
Flats
Tenement
6
2, 1
6
2
6,7,17,
18
Four-in-a-block
6
1, 2
6
2
6,7,17,
18
Tower block
6
Conversion
Total (2.1 M)
Totals
6, 18
2, 19
26
17, 18
2, 19
6
10%
6, 18
3%
1, 2
33.5% 26.5% 2.5%
23%
2%
2%
17.5%
0%
4.5% 3.5%
5.5%
5.5%
100%
EDEM application: national scale
Date
Pre 1919-65 (64%)
Cavity
Solid
Type
1965-82 (25%)
Non-trad.
Cavity
Solid
Cavity | Solid
1982-02 (11%)
Non-trad.
Cavity | Solid
Cavity
Totals
Timber | Trad.
62%
Houses
Detached
4%
5%
4%
0.5% 0.5%
2%
2%
18%
Semi-detached
8%
5%
4%
0.5% 0.5%
1.5%
1.5
21%
8.5%
3.5%
6%
1.5% 1.5%
1%
1%
24%
Terraced
0.5
0.5%
38%
Flats
Tenement
6%
9%
1%
Four-in-a-block
6%
2%
0.5%
Tower block
1%
Conversion
Total (2.1 M)
1%
3%
0.5% 0.5%
0.5% 0.5%
1%
1%
0.5%
0.5%
10%
1.5%
3%
2%
33.5% 26.5% 2.5%
23%
2%
2%
17.5%
0%
4.5% 3.5%
5.5%
5.5%
100%
TC assignment
Date
Pre 1919-65 (64%)
Cavity
Solid
Type
1965-82 (25%)
Non-trad.
Cavity
Solid
Cavity | Solid
1982-02 (11%)
Non-trad.
Cavity | Solid
Cavity
Timber | Trad.
62%
Houses
Detached
6
2,1
Semi-detached
6
2, 1
Terraced
6
1, 21
6
2
6,7,17,
18
6,7,17,
18
6,7,17,
18
6, 18
2, 19
26
17, 18
18%
6, 18
2, 19
26
17, 18
21%
6, 18
2, 19
26
17, 18
24%
38%
Flats
Tenement
6
2, 1
6
2
6,7,17,
18
Four-in-a-block
6
1, 2
6
2
6,7,17,
18
Tower block
6
Conversion
Total (2.1 M)
Totals
6, 18
2, 19
26
17, 18
2, 19
6
10%
6, 18
3%
1, 2
33.5% 26.5% 2.5%
23%
2%
2%
17.5%
0%
4.5% 3.5%
5.5%
5.5%
100%
EDEM in use
Upgrade
strategy
Current stock
maps to 8 TCs:
- TC6
- TC2
- TC1
- TC7
- TC17
- TC18
- TC19
TC
Description
% of stock
Number
of
dwellings
Floor area
(m2)
Annual
heating
demand
(kWh/m2)
1
Solid wall, high thermal mass,
large windows, poor
insulation and large air
change rate
11.5
261,970
22,461,000
90
2
Solid wall, high thermal mass,
standard windows, poor
insulation and large air
change rate
16.5
375,870
31,778,000
87
6
Cavity wall, outer thermal
mass, standard windows,
poor insulation and large air
change rate
42
956,760
83,283,000
75
7
Cavity wall, inner thermal
mass, large windows,
standard insulation and large
air change rate
7.25
165,155
15,934,000
73
17
Cavity wall, inner thermal
mass, standard windows,
standard insulation and
standard air change rate
8.25
187,935
18,087,000
47
18
Cavity wall, outer thermal
mass, standard windows,
standard insulation and
standard air change rate
11
250,580
23,810,000
47
19
Solid wall, standard thermal
mass, standard windows,
standard insulation and
standard air change rate
2.5
56,950
5,159,000
46
26
Timber wall, outer thermal
mass, standard windows, high
insulation and standard air
change rate
1
22,780
2,596,000
26
Upgrade
strategy
Existing
TC
% of
stock
% of
annual
heating
demand
TC6
42
43
Improvement
New
TC
Air tightness to high
standards
TC11
Insulation to standard
TC18
 12 TC relocations examined:
TC11
TC upgrades
may be phased:
TC2
TC1
- TC6 to TC11 then
to TC18
TC7
- TC18 to TC22/
TC24 then to TC30
TC17 &
TC18
TC19
National heating
demand
reduction
(TWh)
(%)
0.67
4.6
2.2
15.5
• 1 to 16levels
and 21
16.5 • 219to 19
Standard levels of
TC19
1.3
draught proofing and
• 6 to 11,
18 and 30
insulation
11.5 • 714to 28
High levels of draught
TC21
1.2
proofing; standard
• 17 to 22levels
and
24
of insulation
7.25 • 188 to 30
High levels of draught
TC28
1
• 19 to 21proofing and
insulation

5
relocations
gave highest TC22
potential
19.25
13.5
High levels of draught
0.7
proofingenergy savings:
for space heating
levels of
TC24
0.9
• 1 to 21High(62%)
insulation
• 2 to 19High(48%)
levels of draught
TC30
1.6
and
• 6 to 30proofing
(90%)
insulation
• 7 to 28 (86%)
2.5
1.5
High levels of draught
TC21
0.06
• 18 to 30proofing;
(80%)
standard
levels of insulation
9
8.7
7
5
6
11
0.4
Space heating impact, detached houses
Build
period
Pre 191965
Net heating
energy demand
(GWh /yr)
Heating
energy
saving
potential
Net heating
demand with Net heating
New TC
category
energy saving
energy
with energy measures (GWh
saved
saving
/yr)
(GWh /yr)
Construction
% of
total
stock
Cavity wall
4
6
11,844,000
896
45%
11, 18, 30
492.8
403.2
Solid wall
5
14,805,000
1,322.4
45%
595.1
4
11,844,000
710.6
75%
177.7
533.0
Non-Traditional
Cavity wall
0.5
1,480,500
88.9
85%
16, 21
19
11, 18, 30
28
22, 24
30
11, 18, 30
30
727.3
Cavity wall
1
2
6
7
17
18
6
18
13.3
75.6
Non-Traditional
Solid wall
Cavity wall Timber
0.5
2
19
1,480,000
88.9
37%
19
56.0
32.9
2
26
5,922,000
154.2
55%
27
69.4
84.9
2
17
18
5,922,000
273.0
67%
22, 24
30
90.1
182.9
53,297,500
3,544
1,626.6
1,917.7
1965-1982
Generic Total floor area
TC
(m2)
1982-2002
Cavity wall Traditional
Total
18
Overall outcome: TC 6 to 30 for detached house
South Ayrshire Council Housing Stock (7876
dwellings) Carbon Footprint Projection
6.0
5.0
4.0
Number of commercial wind turbines required to offset emissions
from South Ayrshire Council Housing Stock (based on the
proposed Whitelees wind farm, Eaglesham)
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
+B
,2
A
g
15
turbines (100m)
00
7+
sh
up
00
w
g
7
A
+s
+B
hw
,u
+r
C
es
H
up
P
g
+s
A
hw
+B
+r
,B
es
IO
+s
hw
+r
es
pp
ly
su
A
up
12
11
8
8
7
7
3
B,
20
07
+s
A+
hw
B,
20
07
+s
up
hw
g
A+
+r
es
B,
uC
H
P+
sh
up
w+
g
re
A+
s
B,
BI
O
+s
hw
+r
es
su
pp
ly
A+
up
g
up
g
A+
up
g
as
is
,2
00
7
B,
20
07
su
pp
ly
A+
B
A
up
gr
ad
e
fa
br
ic
up
gr
ad
e
fa
br
ic
is
upgrade scenario
as
A
g
up
+B
,2
00
7
7
+B
,2
20
0
is
,
as
g
e
gr
ad
up
br
ic
fa
up
A+
B
A
e
is
gr
ad
as
up
br
ic
su
pp
ly
17
fa
carbon footprint per dwelling (T CO2 pa)
EDEM application: regional scale
upgrade scenario
improvement
advice
Conclusions
 ESP-r system used to formulate EDEM for domestic sector
upgrade appraisal.
 The approach is widely applicable because the underlying TCs
cover all possibilities, present and future.
 EDEM is available under an Open Source license.
 EDEM has been applied at national and regional levels. In the
former case (i.e. for Scotland 14.5 TWh/y):
Phase 1 (TC6, TC2 & TC1) +
Phase 2 (TC7)
+
Phase 3 (TC17 & TC18)
+
End of programme (TC19) -
4.7 TWh/y (32.4%) & 1.8 MT CO2
5.7 TWh/y (39.3%) & 2.2 MT CO2
7.3 TWh/y (50.3%) & 2.8 MT CO2
7.6 TWh/y (52.4%) & 2.8 MT CO2