Introduction to Chemistry
Chemistry
The study of:
 the composition
(make-up) of
matter
 the changes that
matter
undergoes
The 5 Traditional Branches of Chemistry
Inorganic
Organic
Analytical
Physical
Biochemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
 The study of chemicals that do not
contain carbon.
Organic Chemistry
 The study of chemicals that contain
carbon.
 Origin: study of chemicals in living
organisms.
Analytical Chemistry
 Composition of matter; measurable,
identifies compounds/components
Example:
Mass Spectrometer
Gas Chromatograph
http://besg.group.shef.ac.uk/Facilities/Images/gcms.JPG
Physical Chemistry
 The study of :
 The mechanism
 The rate
 The energy transfer that happens when
matter undergoes change.
 Study of the interaction between two
elements
 Study of properties and changes of matter
and energy
Biochemistry
 Study of processes that take place
in organisms.
 Understand the structure of
matter found in the human body and
the chemical changes that occur in
cells
Science
What?
Why?
How?
When?
Science and Technology
 Theoretical Chemistry-Design of new
compound and new ideas; 2 categories:
pure and applied
 Science  Pure
 Does not necessarily have an application;
just knowing for knowledge’s sake; research
 Technology  Applied
 Has practical applications in society
 Directed toward a practical goal/application
 Engineering
Alchemists (~300BC-1650 AD)
China, India, Arabia, Europe, Egypt
•Aiming to:
Change common
metals to gold.
Develop
medicines.
•Developed lab
equipment.
•Mystical.
Antoine Lavoisier
(France 1743-1794)
 Regarded as the Father of Chemistry
 Designed equipment
 Used observations
and measurements.
 Discovered nitrogen
 Law of Conservation
of Mass
The Scientific Method
Steps followed during
scientific investigations
Logical, problem solving
technique
Fathers of the scientific
method is Galileo Galilei and
Francis Bacon
Scientific Method
 Observation- recognition of a problem
 Visible or provable fact
 From that a question arises (problem
statement)
 Problem statement is a question that compares
variables
 Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect
the boiling temperature of water?
Scientific Method
 Hypothesis- a proposed explanation of an
observation
 an educated guess
 must be testable
 Is a statement NOT a question that expresses the
expected answer to the problem statement (what
you think the results of the experiment will show)
 If you increase the amount of salt added to the
water, the boiling temperature will also increase
because
Scientific Method
 Experiment- an organized procedure used to
test a hypothesis (measurement, data
collection, manipulated and responding
variables)
 Planned way to test the hypothesis and find out the
answer to the problem posed
 Way to collect data and determine the value of the
dependent variable
 Compares independent variable to the dependent
variable
 Can only test one dependent variable at a time
Scientific Method
 3 parts to an experiment
 Control-standard for comparison
 Variables
 Independent Variable
 Dependent Variable
 Constants-parts of your experiment that do
not change
Scientific Method
 Independent Variable
 A variable that changes unrelated to other factors
 A variable we manipulate, change, on purpose
 A variable whose value we know before we start an
experiment
 Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect
the boiling temperature of water? We know how
much salt we add to each amount of water before
boiling so amount of salt is the independent variable
Scientific Method
 Dependent Variable
 A variable that changes depending on some other
factors
 The variable we are trying to find out
 Variable whose value we do not know before we start
the experiment
 Example: Does the amount of salt in water affect
the boiling temperature of water? We do not know
the boiling temperature to water once salt is added;
must test to find this out
Scientific Method
 Constants
 Does not change for the duration of the
experiment
 Remains the same
 Example: Does the amount of salt in water
affect the boiling temperature of water?
We would not change the brand of salt or
the amount of water (or type of water)
Scientific Method
 Analyze
 Look for patterns in experimental data
 2 types of data
 Quantitative = numbers
 Qualitative = observations
 Data presented via tables or graphs
 3 types of graphs: circle (pie), bar, line
Scientific Method
The cafeteria wanted
to collect data on
how much milk was
sold in 1 week. The
table shows the
results. We are
going to take this
data and display it in
3 different types of
graphs.
Day
Chocolate
Strawberry
White
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
53
72
112
33
76
78
97
73
78
47
126
87
86
143
162
Scientific Method
 Bar Graph
Chocolate Milk Sold
120
112
100
Amount Sold
 A bar graph is used to
show relationships
between groups.
 The two items being
compared do not need
to affect each other.
 It's a fast way to show
big differences. Notice
how easy it is to read a
bar graph.
 Often used for
counting.
80
76
72
60
53
40
33
20
0
Monday
Monday
Wednesday
Friday
Tuesday
Tuesday
Thursday
Wednesday
Day
Thursday
Friday
Scientific Method
 Circle graph (a.k.a.
pie chart)
 Used to show how a
part of something
relates to the whole.
 This kind of graph is
needed to show
percentages
effectively.
 Sum of parts is 1 or
100%
Chocolate Milk Sold
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Scientific Method
 Line Graph
Chocolate MIlk Sold
120
100
Amount Sold
 A line graph is used
to show continuing
data; how one thing is
affected by another.
 It's clear to see how
things are going by
the rises and falls a
line graph shows.
 Equation of line
represents the data.
80
60
40
20
0
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Day
Chocolate
Thursday
Friday
Scientific Method
 Choosing the right graph for your data
 Use a bar graph if you are not looking for trends (or
patterns) over time; and the items (or categories)
are not parts of a whole.
 Use a pie chart if you need to compare different
parts of a whole, there is no time involved and there
are not too many items (or categories).
 Use a line graph if you need to see how a quantity
has changed over time. Line graphs enable us to find
trends (or patterns) over time.
Scientific Method
 Conclusion
 Presents the findings of the experiment,
what the data shows, the hypothesis and
whether or not it was correct (supported) or
incorrect (negated)
 Theorizes why the observed pattern is so
Scientific Method
 Communicate
 When scientists collaborate (work together)
and communicated, they increase the
likelihood of a successful outcome
 Journals
 Internet
 Presentations/Speeches
Observations vs. Inferences
 Observation
 Something you confirm, something you have
seen, a fact
 A piece of information about circumstances
that exists or events that have occurred
 Inference
 An abstract or general idea derived from
specific instances
 Idea, thought, concept, notion, opinion
Theory
 A well tested explanation for a broad set
of observations.
 May use models.
 May allow predictions.
 Theories may change to explain new
observations or experimental data.
Law
 A statement that summarizes results of
observations, but does not explain them.
 Concise statement that summarizes the
results of many observations and
experiments
 Changes or is abandoned when
contradicted by new experiments.
Note:
 The order of the steps can vary and
additional steps may be added.
“No number of
experiments can prove
me right;
a single experiment can
prove me wrong.”
Albert Einstein
Math and Chemistry
 Math- the language of Science

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
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SI System (Metric System)
Factor Label Method (Dimensional Analysis)
Significant Figures
Scientific Notation
Manipulating Formulas
Units
 SI Units – International System
 Basic Units
Length
Mass
Time
(meter)
(kilogram)
(second)
abbreviation
m
kg
s
Solving Word Problems
 Analyze
 List knowns and unknowns.
 Devise a plan.
 Write the math equation to be used.
 Calculate
 If needed, rearrange the equation to solve
for the unknown.
 Substitute the knowns with units in the
equation and express the answer with units.
 Evaluate
 Is the answer reasonable?