HOLT
World History
CHAPTER 20
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Enlightenment and Revolution
in England and America
Section 1: Civil War and Revolution
Section 2: Constitutional Monarchy in England
Section 3: English Colonial Expansion
Section 4: The Enlightenment
Section 5: The American Revolution
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
Objectives:
 Explore what led to the conflicts between Charles I and
Parliament.
 Examine how the rebellion in Ireland helped start the
English Civil War.
 Identify who would have supported the two sides in the
English Revolution.
 Investigate what led to the downfall of republican
government in England.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
Charles I and Parliament
 Charles I believed in divine right of kings, was
married to a French Catholic princess
 Parliament opposed his tax measures
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AND
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HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
The Long Parliament
 Irish were dispossessed by British, treated brutally
 Parliament wanted to be in charge of the army
 Charles refused to compromise, led troops into
House of Commons to arrest opponents
 Neither side would compromise
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
English Civil War
 Cavaliers – called royalists, supported the king
 Roundheads – supported Parliament
 Oliver Cromwell – organized New Model Army
and defeated Charles
 Rump Parliament – abolished monarchy and
House of Lords, proclaimed England a
commonwealth, tried Charles I for treason
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
Cromwell’s Commonwealth
 Raised money from taxes and land sales
 Army was disciplined and powerful
 Enemies had no organized army
 Encouraged trade and manufacturing
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Civil War and Revolution
End of the Revolution
 Cromwell quarreled with Parliament, then
dissolved it
 Charles II restored monarchy
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Constitutional Monarchy in England
Objectives:
 Explain how religious attitudes affected the rule of
Charles II and James II.
 Describe how Parliament reduced the power of the
monarchy after the Restoration.
 Identify the principal features of Britain’s limited
constitutional monarchy.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Constitutional Monarchy in England
The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution
 Political parties develop – Charles tried to increase
toleration for Catholicism; Tories supported Anglican
Church, Whigs opposed having Catholic ruler
 The Glorious Revolution – bloodless transfer of power in
English monarchy; religious attitudes led to suspicion,
conflict with Parliament, and opposition to the kings’
policies
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Constitutional Monarchy in England
Changes in English Government
 Habeas Corpus Act and Declaration of Rights – protected
individuals against unfair arrest and imprisonment, unfairly
high bail, or cruel or unusual punishment
 Toleration Act and Act of Settlement – religious freedoms
to Dissenters, but not Roman Catholics or Jews; Act of
Settlement kept Catholics from the English throne
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Constitutional Monarchy in England
Parliamentary Rule
 Growing power of Parliament – monarch must
consult with Parliament; development of cabinet
and prime minister
 Act of Union – united England and Scotland into
Great Britain
 Constitutional monarchy – monarch remained head
of state, royal powers were limited by constitution
11
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
English Colonial Expansion
Objectives:
 Investigate who the sea dogs were and what they
accomplished.
 Explore the results of the British mercantilist
policy.
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
English Colonial Expansion
The Beginnings of the British Empire
 Explorers and sea dogs – English sea captains who
challenged the Portuguese and Spanish
monopolies of sea trade, plundered foreign ships,
helped defeat Spanish Armada
 The British in India – British East India Company
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
English Colonial Expansion
The British in America
 British settlements – Jamestown and Plymouth
 Mercantilism and the British colonies –
discouraged colonial manufacturing and forced
colonists to sell certain products only to Britain
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Enlightenment
Objectives:
 Identify the principal characteristics of
Enlightenment thinking.
 Analyze the similarities and differences in the
ideas of important Enlightenment philosophers.
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AND
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HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Enlightenment
Crusaders of the Enlightenment
 Believed that natural law governed human
behavior and that truth could be determined by
logic, secularism, and individualism
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HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Enlightenment
Political Criticism
 Montesquieu – government divided into branches
to create checks on political power
 Voltaire – criticized intolerance and attempts to
suppress personal freedoms
 Rousseau – distrusted reason, opposed strong
government, supported popular sovereignty
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The American Revolution
Objectives:
 Explain how Americans responded to British
policies after the French and Indian War.
 Describe what type of government Americans set
up after the American Revolution.
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The American Revolution
Empire and Conflict
 British-French rivalry – Seven Years’ War; British
won control of much of North America
 Increased imperial control – Sugar Act, Stamp
Act, “taxation without representation”
 Intensified conflict – colonists hardened their
resistance to British policies
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The American Revolution
American Independence
 The Declaration of Independence – government is created
to protect individual rights and cannot exist without the
consent of the governed, who can alter or abolish it
 The war for independence – weak American government,
brutal Hessian mercenaries, strong American military
leadership
 War and peace – French alliance with United States, as
well as Spain and Netherlands, brought American victory
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 5:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The American Revolution
Governing a New Nation
 The Articles of Confederation – weak central
government, placed power in individual states
 The Constitution – federal government with three
branches: executive, legislative, and judicial; Bill
of Rights guaranteed citizens certain rights
 Effects of American independence – democracy
that inspired loyalty
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