Extrusion and Drawing
of Metals
Topics
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Introduction
The Extrusion Process
Extrusion Practice
Hot Extrusion
Cold Extrusion
Impact Extrusion
Hydrostatic Extrusion
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Extrusion Defects
Extrusion Equipment
The Drawing Process
Drawing Practice
Defects and Residual
Stresses
• Drawing Equipment
Introduction
Extrusion – It is a process where a billet is forced
through a die.
• Parts have constant cross-section
• Typical Products of Extrusion – Sliding Doors,
tubing having various cross-sections, structural and
architectural shapes and door and window frames.
Drawing – It is a process where a cross-section of
solid rod, wire, or tubing is reduced or changed in
shape by pulling it through a die.
Extrusions
Fig : Extrusions and
examples of
products made by
sectioning off
extrusions.
The Extrusion Process
Types of Extrusion :
Direct Extrusion (or) Forward Extrusion – Billet is placed in a
chamber and forced through a die opening by a hydraulically-driven ram or
pressing stem.
Indirect Extrusion – Die moves towards the billet.
Hydrostatic Extrusion – The billet is smaller in diameter that the
chamber, which is filled with a fluid, and the pressure is transmitted to the
billet by a ram.
Extrusion Ratio = Ao/Af
Ao – cross-sectional area of the billet
Af - cross-sectional area of extruded product
Direct Extrusion
Fig : Schematic illustration of direct extrusion process.
Types of Extrusion
Fig : Types of Extrusion (a) indirect
(b) hydrostatic (c) lateral
Process Variables in Direct Extrusion
Fig : Process variables in direct
extrusion. The die angle,
reduction in cross-section,
extrusion speed, billet
temperature, and lubrication
all affect the extrusion
pressure.
Fig : Method of determining the
circumscribing-circle
diameter (CCD) of an
extruded cross-section.
Extrusion Force :
F = AokIn(Ao/Af)
k-extrusion constant
Ao, Af billet and extruded product areas
Fig : Extrusion constant k for various
metals at different temperatures
Types of Metal flow in extruding with square
dies.
Fig : Types of metal flow in extruding with square dies. (a) Flow pattern obtained at low friction, or in indirect
extrusion. (b) Pattern obtained with high friction at the billet-chamber interfaces, (c) Pattern obtained at
high friction, or with cooling of the outer regions of the billet in the chamber. This type of pattern, observed
in metals whose strength increases rapidly with decreasing temperature, leads to defect known as pipe, or
extrusion defect.
Hot Extrusion
• Extrusion is carried out at elevated temperatures – for metals and
alloys that do not have sufficient ductility at room temperature, or
in order to reduce the forces required.
Die Design and Die Materials
Fig : (a) An extruded 6063-T6 aluminum ladder lock for aluminum extension ladders. This parts is 8mm thick and
is sawed from the extrusion, (b)-(d) Components of various dies for extruding intricate hollow shapes.
Cross-sections to be extruded
Fig : Poor and good examples of cross-sections to be extruded. Note the importance of eliminating sharp
corners and of keeping section thickness uniform.
Cold Extrusion
Combination of operations, such as direct and indirect extrusion and forging.
Advantages :
– Improved mechanical properties
– Good control of dimensional tolerances
– Improved surface finish
– Elimination of the need for billet heating;
Fig : Two examples of cold
extrusion. Thin arrows
indicate the direction
of metal flow during
extrusion.
Impact Extrusion
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Similar to indirect extrusion
Punch descends rapidly on the blank, which is extruded backward
Fig : Schematic illustration of the impact-extrusion process. The extruded parts are
stripped by the use of a stripper plate, because they tend to stick to the punch.
Examples of Impact Extrusion
Fig : (a) Two examples of products made by impact extrusion. These parts may also be made by casting, by forging,
or by machining; the choice of process depends on the dimensions and the materials involved and on the
properties desires. Economic considerations are also important in final process selection. (b) and (c) Impact
extrusion of a collapsible tube by the Hooker process.
Hydrostatic Extrusion
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The pressure required for extrusion is supplied through and incompressible fluid medium
surrounding the billet
Usually carried at room temperature, typically using vegetable oils as the fluid
Brittle materials are extruded generally by this method
It increases ductility of the material
It has complex nature of the tooling
Fig : General view of a 9MN (1000-ton) hydraulicextrusion press.
Extrusion Defects
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3.
Surface cracking.
Pipe.
Internal Cracking
Fig : (a) Chevron cracking (central burst) in extruded round steel bars. Unless the products are inspected, such internal
defects may remain undetected, and later cause failure of the part in service. This defect can also develop in the
drawing of rod, of wire, and of tubes. (b) Schematic illustration of rigid and plastic zones in extrusion. The
tendency toward chevron cracking increases if the two plastic zones do not meet. Note that the plastic zone can be
made larger either by decreasing the die angel or by increasing the reduction in cross-section (or both).
Drawing Process
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In this process the cross section of a round rod or wire is typically reduced or
changed by pulling it through a die
Die angle has great influence on the drawing force and the quality of the drawn
product
Drawing FORCE :
F = Yavg Af In (Ao/Af) ;
Fig : Process variables in wire
drawing. The die angle, the
reduction in cross-sectional
area per pass, the speed of
drawing, the temperature,
and the lubrication all affect
the drawing force, F.
Yavg – average true stress of the material in the die gap
Tube Drawing Operations
Fig : Examples of tube-drawing operations, with and without internal mandrel. Note that a variety of
diameters and wall thickness can be produced from the same initial tube stock (which had been made
by other processes).
Die Design
Characteristic features of a typical die design for drawing
Fig : Terminology of a typical
die used for drawing
round rod or wire.
Fig : Tungsten-carbide die insert in a
steel casing. Diamond dies, used in
drawing thin wire, are encased in a
similar manner.
Die Materials
• Commonly used materials are Tool Steels and Carbides
• Diamond dies are used for fine wire.
• For improved wear resistance, steel dies may be chromium
plated, and carbide dies may be coated with titanium nitride
• For Hot drawing, cast-steel dies are used
Lubrication
Proper lubrication is essential in drawing, in order to improve
die life, reduce drawing forces and temperature, and
improve surface finish.
Types of Lubrication
a) Wet drawing : Dies and Rods are completely immersed in
lubricant
b) Dry drawing : Surface of the rod to be drawn is coated
with a lubricant
c) Coating : Rod or Wire is coated with a soft metal that acts
as a solid lubricant
d) Ultrasonic Vibration of the dies and mandrels.
Defects and Residual Stresses
Typical defects are
• center cracking
• seams
Fig : Schematic illustration of roll straightening of a drawn round rod.
DRAWING EQUIPMENT
Fig : Two views of multistage wire-drawing machine that is typically
used in the making of copper wire for electrical wiring.
THE END