Cover Slide
The Earth and
Its Peoples
3rd edition
Chapter 17
Transformations in
Europe,
1500-1750
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Armada Portrait of Elizabeth
Armada Portrait of Elizabeth
This anonymous painting of the sixteenth century, dubbed The Armada Portrait, depicts the serene and
resolute Elizabeth l flanked by "before" and "after" glimpses of the Spanish fleet. Her hand rests on the globe
in a gesture of dominion that also memorializes the circumnavigation of the globe by her famous captain, Sir
Francis Drake, some years before. (By kind permission of Marquess of Tavistock and Trustees of Bedford
Estate)
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Augsburg Confession
Augsburg Confession
In this woodcut of the Augsburg Confession being read to Charles V, the artist has included text
and images of the Lutheran teachings on the sacraments and the nature of salvation in the
background. In contrast are the images on the left of a papal ceremony and court hierarchy in
which, the artist implies, Christ is not present. (Kunstsammlung Veste Coburg)
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Battle of Mohacs
Battle of Mohacs
The Suleymanname (Book of Suleiman), a biography, contains these wonderful illustrations of the battle that
took place in Hungary on August 29, 1526. In the right panel, Suleiman, in a white turban, sits on a black
horse surrounded by his personal guard while janissaries fire cannon at the enemy. In the left panel, the
Europeans are in disarray in contrast to the Turks' discipline and order. Suleiman inflicted a crushing defeat
and absorbed Hungary into the Ottoman Empire. (Topkapi Palace Museum)
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Copernican system
Copernican system
This illustration of the Copernican
System from the published text of
Copernicus's treatise On the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
(1543) shows the earth and the planets
revolving around the sun. Copernicus
challenged traditional astronomy and
its earth-centered universe. (Erich
Lessing/Art Resource, NY)
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Council of Trent
Council of Trent
This sixteenth-century painting by the School of Titian depicts a well-attended
meeting of the Council of Trent. Since the early sessions were sparsely attended, this
meeting seems to be a later session. Few bishops from northern Europe, however,
ever attended. The Swiss guards (forefront) of the Vatican were founded by Pope
Julius II in 1505 to defend the papacy. (Louvre/R.M.N./Art Resource, NY)
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Folly of Indulgences
Folly of Indulgences
In this woodcut by Matthias Gerung
(Spottblatt auf die katholische
Geistlichkeit) the sale of indulgences
is viciously satirized. With one claw in
the holy water symbolizing the rite of
purification, and the other claw resting
on the coins paid for indulgences, the
church, in the form of a rapacious
eagle with its right hand stretched out
for offerings, writes out an indulgence
with excrement--which represents its
worth. Fools, in a false security, sit in
the animal's gaping mouth,
representing hell. (Kunstsammlungen
der Veste Coburg)
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Galileo's moon paintings
Galileo's moon paintings
When Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) published the results of his telescopic
observations of the moon, he added these paintings to illustrate the marvels he'd
seen. (Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence/Art Resource, NY)
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Hendrick Sorgh, Vegetable Market
Hendrick Sorgh, Vegetable Market
The wealth and well being of the industrious, capitalistic Dutch shine forth in this winsome
painting by Hendrick Sorgh (Dutch, 1609/11-1670). The market woman's baskets are filled
with delicious fresh produce that ordinary citizens can afford--eloquent testimony to the
responsive, enterprising character of Dutch agriculture. (Historisch Museum, Rotterdam)
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Holbein, Henry VIII
Holbein, Henry VIII
This portrait of Henry VIII, painted
by Hans Holbein the Younger in
1540, is the best known of all of
Henry's portraits. Although the king
is painted half-length, Holbein has
successfully captured Henry's regal
bearing, finely detailed dress, the
impact of his 6′2″ frame, and his
imperturbable, aloof expression.
(Scala/Art Resource, NY)
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John Calvin
John Calvin
John Calvin's theology was in most
respects similar to Luther's. Both
reformers gave primary importance to
the authority of the Bible and to the
idea of predestination. This portrait of
John Calvin is attributed to the
German artist Hans Holbein the
Younger (ca. 1497-1543). It was
painted around 1538, when the 29year-old reformer was at the
beginning of his career at Geneva,
where he stayed to participate in the
reform of the city, and then remained
for the rest of his life. (H. Henry
Meeter Center for Calvin Studies,
Calvin College and Calvin
Theological Seminary)
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Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
As an aristocrat, a woman, and the wife
of the British ambassador to Istanbul,
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu had
access to people and places (such as the
imperial seraglio, or harem) that were
off-limits to ordinary tourists. Her many
letters to relatives and friends in
England provide a wealth of
information about upper-class Ottoman
society. While in Turkey, she had her
son inoculated against smallpox and,
after her return to England, tried to
educate the English public about the
benefit of protection against this terrible
disease. This was eighty years before
the English physician Edward Jenner
tried the procedure using cowpox in
England. (Boston Athenaeum)
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Luther and Wittenberg Reformers
Luther and Wittenberg Reformers
The massive figure of John Frederick,
Elector of Saxony, who protected and
supported Luther, dominates this group
portrait of Martin Luther and the
Wittenberg Reformers by Lucas Cranach
the Younger. Luther is on the far left; his
associate Philipp Melanchthon is in the
front row on the right. Luther's face
shows a quiet determination. (The Toledo
Museum of Art; Gift of Edward
Drummond Libbey)
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Ottoman coffeehouse
Ottoman coffeehouse
This sixteenth-century miniature depicts
many activities typical of Ottoman
coffeehouses: patrons enter (upper left);
some sit, drinking coffee in small
porcelain cups (center); the manager
makes fresh coffee (right). In the center,
men sit on a low sofa, reading and
talking. At bottom appear activities
considered disreputable: musicians
playing instruments, others playing
games such as backgammon, a board
game where moves are determined by
rolls of dice. (Reproduced by kind
permission of the Trustees of the Chester
Beatty Library, Dublin)
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Ottoman glassmakers on parade
Ottoman glassmakers on parade
Celebrations of the circumcisions of the sultan's sons featured parades organized by the craft guilds of
Istanbul. This illustration, from the Surnama (Book of the Circumcision Festival) of Murad III (ca. 1582),
shows a float from the parade of the Ottoman guild of potters. It features glassmaking, a common craft in
Islamic realms. The most elaborate glasswork included oil lamps for mosques and colored glass for the small
stained-glass windows below mosque domes. (Topkapi Palace Museum)
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Ottoman helmet
Ottoman helmet
This mid-sixteenth-century Ottoman
helmet resembles a turban: conical
shaped with sides tapering toward the
apex, with ear and neck guards. Made
of steel, the gold-inlaid and jeweled
helmet was probably made for
Suleiman the Magnificent. (Topkapi
Palace Museum)
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Pamphlet witch trial
Pamphlet witch trial
Printed pamphlets, such as this
sixteenth-century example describing
the execution of three women in
Essex, England, spread the news of
local "outbreaks" of witchcraft. One
of the women, Joan Prentis, is also
depicted surrounded by her animal
familiars. The ferret in Joan's lap, the
pamphlet relates, was the Devil
himself in animal form. (Lambeth
Palace Library)
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Philip II
Philip II
Alonso Sanchez Coello (1531-1588,
Spanish court painter) portrays Philip II
in an unflattering way. He tried to
combine truth with a show of respect,
showing the king dressed in the austere
black that was in fashion at the Spanish
court, his hand fingering a rosary, and
wearing the Order of the Golden Fleece,
an order of knighthood, around his
neck. The son of Emperor Charles V,
Philip came to the throne at the age of
29, with control over all Spanish
colonial territories, the Netherlands, and
a large area of Southern Italy. He was
also a force to be reckoned with in
England. (Museo del Prado, Madrid)
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Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Return of the Hunters
Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Return of the Hunters
Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525/30-1569), the only genius among the sixteenth-century Netherlandish painters,
explored landscape and peasant life. We see one of the sweeping landscapes done in his mature style in The
Return of the Hunters (1565), one of a set depicting the months. This January scene shows many everyday
activities. At left, men return from trapping hares, and the women under the sign singe the bristles off a
slaughtered pig. On the frozen ponds people skate and play hockey and curling. An old woman carries a load
of faggots across the bridge. (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna/The Bridgeman Art Library International)
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Pope approves Jesuit constitutions
Pope approves Jesuit constitutions
Juan de Valdes Leal (Spanish; active
mainly in Seville and Cordoba) was
famous for grimly moralizing subjects.
He also created moving religious
paintings and fine portraits. This
portrait of Ignatius Loyola is a
reasonable likeness and that of Pope
Paul III an idealization; in 1540 he was
a very old man. When the Jesuit
constitutions were read to him, the pope
supposedly murmured, "There is the
finger of God." (Institut Amatller d’Art
Hispanic)
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Rembrandt, The Nightwatch
Rembrandt, The Nightwatch
The high point of Rembrandt's portrait-painting career in Amsterdam came in 1642 when he painted the
group portrait The Company of Captain Franz Banning Cocq (who had commissioned this painting), also
known as The Night Watch. Due to the excessive layers of grit and varnish that accumulated on the painting
over the years, the scene was generally thought to have occurred at night. However, a post-World War II
restoration revealed that Rembrandt (1606-1669) used a full palette of rich, golden colors. (Rijksmuseum)
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Suleimaniye mosque
Suleimaniye mosque
Designed and built (1548-1557) by Pasha Sinan (1491-1588), a Greek-born devshirme recruit who became
the greatest architect in Ottoman history, the Suleimaniye Mosque in Istanbul asserts the dynasty's power,
religious orthodoxy, and the sultan's position as "God's shadow on earth." Suleiman, who financed it, is
buried here. (Robert Frerck/Woodfin Camp & Associates)
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The True Church and the False Church
The True Church and the False Church
This woodcut by Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553) was designed to make clear the distinction between
the evangelical church and the papacy. On one side Christ and his sacrifice are clearly at the center; on the
other side the pope and innumerable church officials are caught in the flames of Hell. (Staatliche
Kunstsammlungen Dresden)
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Vermeer, Art of Painting
Vermeer, Art of Painting
In a typically Dutch interior--black and
white marble floor, brass chandelier,
map of Holland on the wall--an artist
paints an allegory of Clio, the Muse of
History (often shown holding a book
and a trumpet). The Muses, nine
goddesses of Greek mythology, were
thought to inspire the arts. Considered
the second-greatest Dutch painter (after
Rembrandt), Jan Vermeer (1632-1675)
was a master of scenes of everyday
life, but he probably meant his work to
be understood on more than one level.
(Kunsthistorisches Museum/Art
Resource, NY)
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Map: 17th Century Dutch Commerce
17th Century Dutch Commerce
Dutch wealth rested on commerce, and commerce depended on the huge Dutch merchant marine, manned by perhaps fortyeight thousand sailors. The fleet carried goods from all parts of the globe to the port of Amsterdam. (Copyright (c) Houghton
Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)
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Map: The Acquisitions of Louis XIV, 1668-1713
The Acquisitions of Louis XIV, 1668-1713
The desire for glory and the weakness of his German neighbors encouraged Louis's expansionist policy, but he paid a high
price for his acquisitions. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)
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Map: Europe in 1648
Europe in 1648
Which country emerged from the Thirty Years' War as the strongest European power? What dynastic house was that
country's major rival in the early modern period? (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)
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Map: Europe in 1715
Europe in 1715
The series of treaties commonly called the Peace of Utrecht (April 1713 - November 1715) ended the War of the Spanish Succession and redrew the
map of Europe. A French Bourbon king succeeded to the Spanish throne on the understanding that the French not attempt to unite the French and
Spanish crowns. France surrendered to Austria the Spanish Netherlands (later Belgium), then in French hands, and France recognized the
Hohenzollern rulers of Prussia. Spain ceded Gibraltar to Great Britain, for which it has been a strategic naval station ever since. Spain also granted to
Britain the asiento, the contract for supplying African slaves to America. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)
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Map: The Global Empire of Charles V
The Global Empire of Charles V
Charles V exercised theoretical jurisdiction over more European territory than anyone since Charlemagne. He also claimed
authority over large parts of North and South America. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)
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Map: The Growth of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia to 1748
The Growth of Austria and Brandenburg-Prussia to 1748
Austria expanded to the southwest into Hungary and Transylvania at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. It was unable to
hold the rich German province of Silesia, however, which was conquered by Brandenburg-Prussia. (Copyright (c) Houghton
Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)
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Map: The Netherlands, 1559-1609
The Netherlands, 1559-1609
Some provinces were overwhelmingly agricultural, some involved in manufacturing, others heavily commercial. Each of the
seventeen was tied to the Spanish crown in a different way. (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.)
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Map: The Protestant and the Catholic Reformations
The Protestant and the Catholic Reformations
The Reformations shattered the religious unity of Western Christendom. What common cultural traits predominated in
regions where a particular branch of the Christian faith was maintained or took root? (Copyright (c) Houghton Mifflin
Company. All Rights Reserved.)
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