

ISM bands are:
◦ 902-928 MHz (26 MHz wide)
 Industrial
◦ 2.4000-2.4835 GHz (83.5 MHz wide)
 Scientific
◦ 5.725-5.875 GHz (150 MHz wide)
 Medical
These are all license-free bands (no restrictions on equipment)



900 MHz ISM Band
◦ Used for wireless networking in past, but now wireless uses higher frequencies (higher throughput)
◦ In some parts of world this frequency is allocated to
GSM cellular phones
2.4 GHz ISM Band
◦ Most common band used for wireless networking
◦ Also used for microwaves, cordless home phones, baby monitors, and wireless video cameras


5.8 GHz ISM Band
◦ Used for: baby monitors, cordless phones, cameras
◦ Preferred spectrum for long distance wireless bridging


802.11a amendment uses three bands of
UNII frequencies, known as lower, middle, and upper UNII bands
◦ Lower Band (UNII-1)
 100 MHz wide and spans from 5.150-5.250 GHz
 Indoor communications only
 Maximum allowed output of 40 mW at the IR
◦ Middle Band (UNII-2)
 100 MHz wide and spans from 5.250-5.350 GHz
 Indoor and outdoor communications
 Maximum allowed output of 200 mW


Upper Band (UNII-3)
◦ 100 MHz wide and spans 5.725-5.825 GHz
◦ Outdoor point-to-point communications
◦ Maximum allowed output power is 800 mW at
IR



Narrowband Transmission
◦ Uses very little bandwidth
◦ Higher power
◦ AM/FM radio stations
Spread Spectrum
◦ Uses more bandwidth
◦ Spreads data across frequencies
◦ Very low power levels
 Makes it less likely to cause interference with other systems  not required to be licensed by local regulatory body usually


FHSS
◦ Transmits data using small frequency carrier space, then hops to another small frequency carrier
◦ Uses frequency for set period of time = dwell time
 When dwell time expires, switches frequencies
◦ Hopping Sequence
 Instead of transmitting on one set channel or finite frequency space, FHSS radio card transmits on a sequence of sub-channels called hops.
 Hop time is a measurement of amount of time it takes for transmitter to change from one frequency to next



14 Separate Channels in 2.4 GHz ISM band
Most channels overlap, but 1, 6, and 11 do not
◦ To not overlap, must be separated by at least five channels or 25 MHz.



“Unlike FHSS where the transmitter jumped between frequencies, DSSS is set to one channel.” Data that is transmitted is therefore spread across the frequencies that are part of the specified channel.
◦ This process of spreading data across frequencies of a channel is known as data encoding.
◦ Two types of data encoding are Barker Code and
Complementary Code Keying(CCK).
As we add more information to our data being transmitted to guard against data corruption, it is known as
processing gain.





After the data is encoded(chipping method), the transmitter than needs to create a carrier signal containing the chips.
Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK) – uses two phase shifts, one to represent the “0” chip and another to represent the “1” chip.
Differential Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (DQPSK) – to offer faster throughput, DQPSK uses four phase shifts.
In the process it allows each of the four phases to
modulate two chips i.e. (00, 01, 10, 11) thus doubling the speed.
Packet Binary Convolutional Code (PBCC) – this is a
modulation technique that supports data rates of 5.5, 11,
22, and 33 Mbps.



This is one of the most popular wired/wireless technologies in use.
◦ It is capable of transmitting up to speeds of 54Mbps
◦ OFDM is NOT a spread spectrum technology
◦ OFDM actually transmits across 52 separate frequencies, referred commonly to as subcarriers
 Frequency range of each subcarrier is 312.5 KHz
 Since there are so many subcarriers the overall data rates are
HIGHER
 ISI is LESS LIKELY to occur because delay spread is a smaller % of the symbol period
◦ OFDM technology is MORE RESISTANT to negative effects of multipath than DSSS and FHSS.
Convolution Coding – a form of error correction that is performed to make OFDM more resistant to narrowband interference.





A specified frequency band is your bandwidth, or the space in which your communication is limited.
Many factors account for how much Bandwidth you really
can use.
Example in book: “Because of the half-duplex nature of the medium and the overhead generated by CSMA/CA, the actual aggregate throughput is typically 50 % or less of the data rate…For example, if a data rate is 54 Mbps, due to
CSMA/CA the aggregate throughput might be about 20
Mbps. If five client stations were all downloading the same file from an FTP server at the same time, the perceived throughput for each client station would be about 3 Mbps under ideal circumstances.”
Then take into consideration other overhead costs such as security…