Hierarchal system
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kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
Prokaryotae Kingdom
• Unicellular,
microscopic
• Includes bacteria and
blue-green algae
• No internal
membrane bound
organelles
• No nucleus
• Cell wall not cellulose,
murein
Protoctista kingdom
• Unicellular; microscopic
– mainly single cell organisms, no tissue differentiation
• Nucleus present
– Eukaryotic (nucleus and membrane bound organelles)
• Autotrophic or heterotrophic
• Includes algae and protozoa
Amoeba (heterotrophic)
Euglena (autotrophic)
Fungi
• Eukaryotic
• No root, stem and leaf
– Rigid cell walls of chitin
• Heterotrophic
– Saprophytic or parasitic
– No chlorophyll
• Reproduce by forming
spores
• Includes mold, yeast,
mushrooms
bread mold rhizopus
Plantae Kingdom
Eukaryotic
– Multicellular
– Photosynthetic (Autotrophic)
– Cellulose cell wall
• Can be divided into two groups:
– Non-flowering plants
– Flowering plants
– Mosses
– Ferns
– Conifers
Animalia
• Heterotrophic
• Multicellular eukaryotes
• No cell wall
• Nervous coordination
• Divided into two groups
according to the presence
or absence of backbone:
– Invertebrates : without backbone
– Vertebrates/Chordates : with backbone
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Only need to know Basic Features of:
– Annelids
– Arthropods (four subdivisions)
– Chordates
Annelids
- examples - earthworm, leech, and lugworm
– Long thin segmented bodies with a closed
circulatory system and oxygen carrying pigment
– Fluid filled cavity and hydrostatic skeleton
– Primitive brain and nervous system
– specialised segments responsible for different
functions,
– thin permeable skin used for gas exchange
earthworm
lugworm
leech
Arthropods have….
– an exoskeleton
• Made of chitin
• For support and to protect organs
• Allows muscle attachment for
movement
• Protection from predators
• Reduces water loss
• Cannot grow and so must be shed
periodically, leaving the organism
unprotected while the new
exoskeleton hardens
Arthropods-have
– paired jointed legs
• For walking, swimming, jumping, feeding,
reproduction, and sometimes gill ventilation
– 3 body regions (head, thorax, abdomen)
– fluid-filled body cavity
– open circulatory system
– well developed brain
Arthropods
– examples :
• insects e.g. locust
• crustaceans e.g. lobster
• arachnids e.g. spider
• myriapods e.g. millipedes and centipedes
Insects
Insects are the most successful group of animals on
Earth.
• compound eyes
• terrestrial insects use tracheae for gas exchange
• 2 pairs of wings
• 3 pairs of legs in the adult stage
(In the evolution of some insect groups these features
may have been secondarily lost, e.g. no wings in fleas
and lice.)
locust
Crustaceans
 2 body sections: cephalothorax and abdomen
 2 pairs of Antennae
 5 or more pairs of legs
lobster
Arachnids
•4 pairs of legs
•No antennae
•Usually two body sections
spider
Myriapods
• Millipedes and centipedes
• Terrestrial
Centipedes
• one pair of legs per segment
• Predators
Millipedes
• 2 pair of legs per segment
• decomposers
Animals – Vertebrates (Chordates)
• possessing a vertebral column or backbone
• well developed brain enclosed in cranium
• internal skeleton
Vertebrates
• Divided into 5 phyla (groups) :
– Fish
– Amphibians
– Reptiles
– Birds
– Mammals
Fish
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Aquatic
Ectotherms
Body covered with wet and slimy scales
Streamline body for easy movement through water
Fins for balance and to control movement
• Gills for gas exchange
• External fertilization
Amphibians
• Ectotherms
• Moist, scale less skin
• Limbs present
– tetrapods
• Larvae (tadpoles) use gills for
breathing; adults use lungs
• External fertilization
• Live on land but need water
for part of the life cycle
Reptiles
• Ectotherms
• Body covered with dry,
hard scales
• Live on land
• Breathe with lungs
• Internal fertilization; lay
shelled eggs
Birds
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Endotherms
With feathers and wings
Beak for feeding
Lungs for breathing
Internal fertilization; lay
shelled eggs
• Scales found on legs
Mammals
• Endotherms
• Hairs on skin and sweat
glands
• Females have mammary
glands for producing milk
• Lungs for breathing
• Double circulation
• Internal fertilization and
gestation