Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
The Salvation Army
Human Trafficking, Modern Slavery
and the
National Referral Mechanism
The Salvation Army’s History
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
The Salvation Army has been tackling the issue of
Trafficking specifically since 1885, starting in London.
European Convention on Action against
Trafficking (ECAT)
• Appropriate and secure accommodation
• Psychological and material assistance
• Access to emergency medical treatment
• Translation and interpreting services
• Information and guidance
• Assistance to take part in criminal proceedings
• Access to education for children
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
National coordination of victim care
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
Since 1 July 2011, the Salvation
Army has been the prime
contractor for managing the
support for adult victims of
trafficking in England and Wales. It
now includes Modern Slavery.
Contract Service overview
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
• Coverage across England and Wales
• Men and women
• Accommodation and support
• Outreach support
Service overview
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
• Needs-based service
• Provides support during 45-day reflection and recovery
period
• Complements existing sources of support:
- Asylum support
- Mainstream services
- Voluntary sector support
Eligibility
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
To be eligible for the service, an
individual must be:
• Referred into the National Referral
Mechanism (NRM) process
• Granted a positive Reasonable
Grounds (RG) decision or
• Destitute with RG decision pending
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
Eligibility
In addition, the individual must have:
• No other accommodation entitlements
or
• High-level needs that would not be met
by accommodation available to them
(e.g. support or security needs)
Referral line and Process
• 24/7 referral line
• Sources of referrals include:
– Police, social services, NHS
– NGOs
– Self-referrals
• NRM should be offered by First Responder
• Welfare assessment (I.A.) is carried out to
determine client needs and risk issues
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
Impact of trafficking
Physical impact
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Lack of access to
medical treatment
Physical injury
Sexual health
Ritual abuse
Psychological impact
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Post-traumatic
responses
Depression/anxiety
Feelings of guilt or
shame
Suicidal ideation
Impact of trafficking
Social impact
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Difficulty relating to others
Lack of trust
Dependency
Isolation
Difficulties seeking help
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
Trafficking Indicators
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
Is the victim in possession of identification and travel
documents; if not, who has control of the documents?
Can the victim freely contact friends or family?
Has the victim been harmed or deprived of food, water,
sleep, medical care or other life necessities?
Does the victim have freedom of movement?
Referral process
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
Referral comes into Contract Office. If possible an interview
is conducted by phone to facilitate rapid intervention.
This enables:-
• Assessment of eligibility
• Needs and risk assessment
• Identification of suitable provider
• Confirmation of transport arrangements
• Key worker allocated
• Ongoing monitoring and communication
NRM Process
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
Two-stage process
1) First stage is Reasonable Grounds decision
• Should be made within five working days
• Threshold is ‘I suspect but cannot prove’
• Outcome can be positive or negative
• Positive outcome entitles PVoT to 45-day reflection
and recovery period
NRM Process (cont’d)
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
2) Second stage is Conclusive Grounds (CG) decision
• Should be made after 45 calendar days
• Threshold is ‘on balance of probabilities’
• Outcome can be positive or negative
List of First Responders able to
conduct NRMs
• NCA
Police forces
• UK Border Force
• Home Office Immigration
and Visas
• Gangmasters Licensing
Authority
• Local Authorities
• Health and Social Care
Trusts (Northern Ireland)
• Salvation Army
• Poppy Project
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Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
Medaille Trust
Kalayaan
Barnardos
Unseen
TARA Project (Scotland)
NSPCC (CTAC)
BAWSO
New Pathways
Refugee Council
Migrant Help
Making appropriate referrals
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
• Are the three elements of trafficking present?
– Recruitment/harbouring/transit
– Coercion/deception
– Exploitation/intention to exploit
• Are there additional indicators of trafficking?
• Has the client given their informed consent to enter
the NRM the process?
Trafficking and Modern Slavery NRM Definition
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
Modern Slavery
• Covers slavery, servitude and forced compulsory
labour and human trafficking
Trafficking involves:
• ACTION (recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harbouring or receipt, which can include either
domestic or cross-border movement); achieved by
Indicators of Slavery, servitude or
compulsory labour (NRM definition)
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
There must also have been:
• MEANS (being held through, either physically
or through threat of penalty e.g. use of force,
coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse
of power or vulnerability)
• SERVICE (as a result of the means an individual
provides a service for benefit, e.g. begging,
sexual service, manual labour, domestic
service)
Difficulties with disclosure by
potential victims when interviewed
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
• Evidence-gathering rather than therapeutic context
• Can bring up uncomfortable or distressing feelings
Potential for re-traumatisation
• Feelings of guilt about surviving or shame that the
traumatic event happened to them
• Betrayal of trust common to trafficking experiences can
make it difficult for victims to trust anyone - Need for
rapport and trust building by First Responder
Moving on
• Support to disengage and move on safely
– Mainstream services
– Asylum system
– Voluntary return
• Support can be extended in some cases
– Positive CG decision
– Ongoing needs related to trafficking
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
Challenges When Organising Transport
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Short-notice requests
Long-distance journeys
Difficulty anticipating demands
Delays and changes to requests
Language barriers
Forming attachments
Making conversation
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
Trafficking Awareness
Salvation Army Website
• Human Trafficking – The Salvation Army
• About Human Trafficking
• Trafficking Awareness Course
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
Year 3 Overview
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
• 61% of potential victims we supported were women and
39% were men.
• 889 were supported in 3rd year contract- a 62% increase
on the 550 supported in Year 2 and a 135% increase on
the 378 supported in Year 1.
• Types of exploitation
Sexual – 38.47%
Labour – 42.18%
Domestic Servitude – 9.11%
Not known – 10.24%
Referral agency figures
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
Top 5 referring agencies for supported victims in Year 3
of contract:
Police – 333
Home Office – 233
NGO – 168
Self-referral – 42
Legal representative - 35
Including all agencies, 889 referrals were made in Year
3- 511 more than in Year 1 of the contract.
Referral overview
Year 1- 378 referrals
Year 2 – 550 referrals
Year 3 – 889 referrals
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
Actively
Combatting
Trafficking
The Salvation Army
Human Trafficking, Modern Slavery
and the
National Referral Mechanism