Personality, 9e
Jerry M. Burger
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The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
Chapter 3
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Chapter Outline
Freud discovers the unconscious
Freudian theory of personality
Application: Psychoanalysis
Assessment: Projective tests
Strengths and criticisms of Freud’s theory
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Freud Discovers the
Unconscious
Studies in Hysteria, published by Freud and
Breuer
Case of Anna O. and use of hypnosis in treating
hysteria
Free association: Description of hidden
memories by patients,that seemed related
to the causes and cure of hysterical
symptoms
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Freud Discovers the
Unconscious
Early traumatic sexual experiences were
responsible for hysterical symptoms
expressed by adult patients
Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
Formed by Freud and his followers
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Topographic Model
Personality is divided into different levels of
awareness
Conscious: Thoughts a person is currently
aware of
Preconscious: Retrievable information
Unconscious: Thoughts that cannot be easily
brought into awareness
Except under extreme situations
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Structural Model
Divides personality into the id, the ego, and
the superego
Id: Personality structure at birth
Actions are based on pleasure principle and
wish fulfillment
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Structural Model
Ego: Satisfies id impulses, but takes into
consideration the realities of the world
Actions are based on reality principle
Superego: Represents society’s values and
standards
Provides ideals to determine if a behavior is
virtuous
Powerful superego leads to moral anxiety
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Figure 3.1 - Relationship of the Id, Ego, and
Superego to the Three Levels of Awareness
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Libido and Thanatos
Triebe - Strong internal forces that
motivates human behavior
Referred as drives or instincts
Categories of instincts
Libido - Life or sexual instinct
Thanatos - Death or aggressive instinct
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Libido and Thanatos
Most human behavior is attributed to the
life instinct
Includes action aimed at receiving pleasure
Death instinct is turned outward and
expressed as aggression against others
Wish to die remains unconscious
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Defense Mechanisms
Techniques of ego to deal with unwanted
thoughts and desires and reduce or avoid
anxiety
Repression
Active effort by the ego to push threatening
material out of consciousness
Requires constant expand of energy
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Defense Mechanisms
Sublimation
Channelling threatening unconscious impulses
into socially acceptable actions
Productive in nature
Displacement
Channelling impulses to nonthreatening objects
Displaced impulses do not lead to social
rewards
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Defense Mechanisms
Denial
Refusal to accept that certain facts exist
Extreme form of defense
Makes a person less realistic
Reaction formation
Acting in a manner opposite to threatening
unconscious desires
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Defense Mechanisms
Intellectualization
Removal of emotional content from the thought
Helps bring difficult thoughts into
consciousness without anxiety
Projection
Attributing unconscious impulse to other
people
Frees a person from the perception that he/she
is the one who holds a certain thought
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Psychosexual Stages of
Development
Sequence of development made up of stages
characterized by primary erogenous zones
and sexual desires
Each stage has a specific influence on the adult
personality
Adult personalities of people are greatly
influenced by the events of early childhood
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Psychosexual Stages of
Development
Fixation - Stagnation of psychic energy
Results when a child is unable to move through
a particular stage
Oral stage
First 18 months of life
Primary erogenous zones - Mouth, lips, and
tongue
Feeding problems can result in fixation and
development of an oral personality
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Psychosexual Stages of
Development
Anal stage
Primary erogenous zone - Anal region
Children are toilet trained
Traumatic toilet training can result in fixation
and development of an anal personality
Phallic stage
Ages 3 to 6
Primary erogenous zone - Penis or clitoris
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Psychosexual Stages of
Development
Oedipus complex - Children develop a sexual
attraction for their opposite-sex parent
Boys develop castration anxiety and girls
develop penis envy
Eventually the children repress their desire for
their opposite-sex parent
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Psychosexual Stages of
Development
Latency stage
Sexual desires abate
Boys and girls are uninterested in each other
Genital stage
Initiated at puberty
Primary erogenous zone - Adult genital regions
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Getting at Unconscious
Material
Strong id impulses do not disappear when
they are pushed out of consciousness
Expressed in a altered form
Unconscious thoughts can be noticed by
observing innocent behaviors
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Getting at Unconscious
Material
Techniques to get unconscious material
Dreams
Provide id impulses with a stage for expression
Trained psychoanalysts can identify common dream
symbols
Projective tests: Assesses unconscious
material by asking test takers to respond to
ambiguous stimuli
Identifying objects, telling a story, or drawing a
picture
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Getting at Unconscious
Material
Free association
Used to temporarily bypass the censoring
mechanism employed by ego
Exposes strange, uncensored ideas
Freudian slips: Misstatements or slips of the
lounge
May represent unconscious associations
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Getting at Unconscious
Material
Hypnosis
Allows the hypnotist to bypass the ego and get
directly to unconscious material
Drawback - Not everyone is responsive
Accidents
Intentional actions stemming from unconscious
impulses
Resistance - Deliberate effort by the unconscious
mind to cover threatening unconscious material
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Getting at Unconscious
Material
Symbolic behavior
Daily behaviors can be interpreted as symbolic
representations of unconscious desires
Poses no threat to the ego
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Application: Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis: System of psychotherapy
that focuses on uncovering the unconscious
material responsible for a patient’s disorder
Primary goal - Bring crucial unconscious
material into consciousness for rational
examination
Unconscious material must be dealt in a
manner to avoid manifestation of new disorders
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Application: Psychoanalysis
Requires several hour-long therapy sessions
Is expensive
Maximum time is spent in getting at the crucial
unconscious material causing the disorder
Requires the therapist to actively interpret the
significance of client’s statements, behaviors,
and dreams
Development of resistance by client implies the
therapy is in progression
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Application: Psychoanalysis
Development of transference
Displacing of emotions associated with people from
past situations onto the therapist
Delicate and crucial part of the therapy process
Countertransference is inadmissible
Studies indicate psychoanalytic therapies are
effective in treating several psychological
disorders
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Assessment: Projective Tests
Rorschach inkblot test
Predicts behavior from responses to inkblots
Designed by Hermann Rorschach
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Test takers are asked to tell a story about a
series of ambiguous pictures
Designed by Henry Murray
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Assessment: Projective Tests
Human Figure Drawing test
Measures intelligence and important
personality constructs
Used as an indicator of psychological problems
in children
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Figure 3.2 - Human Figure Drawings by
Emotionally Disturbed Children
Source: From Koppitz, E. M. (1986). Psychological Evaluation of Children’s Human Figure Drawing. Reprinted by
permission of Grune & Stratton, Inc., and the author.
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Evaluation of Projective Tests
Criticisms of Rorschach inkblot test
Low indices of reliability and lack of evidence
for the validity of the test
No scientific basis for justifying the use of
Rorschach scales in psychological assessment
Reviewers find usefulness of the test when
results from various studies are analyzed
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Evaluation of Projective Tests
Newer systems for coding Rorschach
responses are reliable than earlier methods
Usage of projective tests extends beyond
psychotherapy
Evaluation of social and emotional adjustment
Psychologists working with law enforcement
and court officials
Validity of projective tests remains open to
challenge
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Strengths and Criticisms of
Freud’s Theory
Strengths
First comprehensive theory of human behavior
and personality
Freud’s observations set the direction for
subsequent personality theory and research
First system of psychotherapy
Freud’s techniques have become standard tools for
many therapists
Promoted important psychological concepts
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Strengths and Criticisms of
Freud’s Theory
Criticisms
Writers argue that Freud’s ideas are not
original
Freudian ideas appear in literature that predates
Freud’s work
Hypotheses generated from the theory are not
testable
Disagreements with the points of emphasis and
tone of Freud’s theory
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