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• Wave Particle Duality
• Types of Waves
– Discuss each…
• Wave Characteristics
• Boundary Behavior
– How many boundary types did we talk about?
– Let’s describe all of them! 
Interference? What is that?
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• Constructive Interference
– Comes together to make a larger, stronger wave (what specifically increases?)
• Destructive Interference
– Comes together to cancel each other out or maker a weaker wave (what decreases in this case?)
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• Because light is made up of many colors it is easy for us to see interference on something such as
BUBBLES!!!!!
• Who doesn’t love bubbles, right?
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• Objectives for Lab:
– Understanding/visualizing constructive and destructive interference.
– Making and recording observations.
– Drawing Conclusions/ Making Inferences
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• Everyone grab a plastic plate
• 1 straw
• Cut a piece of black plastic trash bag that is similar to the size of the one
Mrs. Warren shows you.
• Grab a strip of white paper.
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• Wet the larger section of your plate with only a little bit of water and stick the black plastic trash bag to it.
• Mrs. Warren will pass around the soap solution and pour a little solution into your plate.
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• Take your straw and dip the straw into your soap solution to make a big bubble. (without it popping!)
– Do not drink the soap solution. I know how much you love to drink soap…but it’s gross!
• Observe the top of the bubble very
VERY closely.
– Describe what you see.
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• When the bubble pops, blow another big bubble.
• Now try to put the white paper around the bubble without touching the bubble.
– This may help you see things a little more clearly.
Describe what is happening with the bubble (specifically look on top of the bubble)
Write this down!
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• 1. The colors you see at the top of the bubble is called a “fringe.” Describe what they looked like.
• 2. Why are there many colors? Do you see all colors, or are there more of one color?
Why would there be more of one color?
• 3. What are the dark bands?
• 4. Can you see evidence of constructive and destructive interference? Explain.
• 5. What determines what the fringes look like?
• 6. What happens right before the bubble pops? Why do you think that is?
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• The colors we see on the bubbles are caused by _______________ of white light shining on the bubble film.
• White light has many colors and each of these colors have different wavelengths.
– Remind me what a wavelength is again?
Mrs. Warren just forgot! OH NO!
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• What do the fringes look like? What are they doing?
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• What makes up the dark circle in the middle of the bubble? How would this explain evidence of destructive interference?
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• It is easy to see destructive interference because of the dark bands or circles.
• But how do we know we have constructive interference?
– If we wanted to measure how much constructive interference we have we could with a ruler!!!
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• Why do you think we even see interference on a bubble?
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• Describe the thickness of a bubble.
– This type of interference is called: Thin
Film Interference.
– Light waves bounce off the front and back surfaces of the bubble to add constructively or destructively.
– Thickness is not uniform around the bubble, this is why you see the swirling of colors and a black circle on top, which ultimately leads to the inevitable death of the bubble!!
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• What is interference?
• What is constructive interference?
• What is destructive interference?
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Continuous Wave vs. Standing Wave
– What do you think the difference is?
• Hint: We have been talking about continuous waves…not standing.
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• What is a standing wave?
– A wave that appears to be standing still.
– Generating a wave, but the wave doesn't propagate.
– Examples: Vibrating a string or cord.
– Standing Wave vs. Moving Wave
– We need to look at what a node and antinode are.
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• Why do Standing Waves Appear to
Stand Still?
– Reflected vibrations from the opposite end of the medium will interfere with vibrations introduced into the medium in such a manner that there are points that always appear to be standing still.
• What happens if timing is off?
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• Nearly all objects, when hit, struck or somehow disturbed, will vibrate.
– Tend to vibrate at a particular frequency or a set of frequencies.
• Known as Natural Frequency
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• Wave patterns could be produced by a distinctly different number of nodes.
• Each frequency is associated with a different standing wave pattern.
– Called Harmonics.
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• How do Standing Waves have anything else to do with the world other than music?
• Famous Bridge, Tacoma Narrows
Bridge
• Let’s watch a video about what happened.
http://www.schooltube.com/video/e43
30c5f2c4d6d15093c/Galloping-Gertie
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• What happened?
• The original, 5,939-foot-long Tacoma
Narrows Bridge, was opened to traffic on July 1, 1940 after two years of construction, linking Tacoma and Gig Harbor.
• It collapsed 4 months and 7 days after it opened. The collapse occurred during a 42-mile-per-hour wind storm on November 7, 1940, around 11:00 am.
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• When a structure is vibrating with its fundamental frequency, then all the particles oscillate in phase with the same frequency.
• At resonance, the amplitude of the standing wave increases without limit, until the structure is damaged.
– What is resonance?
– Think of music….singing in the car to your radio
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• We have finished talking about wave characteristics and behaviors.
• The information next presented is going to be a combination of the end of Chapter 14, Chapter 16, and
Chapter 17.
• So LET’S TALK ABOUT LIGHT!!!!
• YOU….LIGHT UP MY LIFE….YOU LIGHT
UP MY DAYS… (sorry broke out in song again)
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• You will learn the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum and what the electromagnetic spectrum means.
• You will learn how light behaves.
• You will learn how to describe the ray model of light.
• You will be able to solve problems involving the speed of light.
• HERE WE GO……….
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• What is LIGHT?
– Discussion
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• Light is a wave, or rather acts like a wave.
• More specifically, light is the range of frequencies of electromagnetic waves that stimulates the retina of the eye.
• Light waves have wavelengths from about 400 nm to
700 nm.
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• Light is a special type of wave (you should know this type of wave already…what do we think?)
• What medium is light transferred through?
• LIGHT DOES NOT NEED ONE!
• What we know as light or VISIBLE
LIGHT is actually a type of something called ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION .
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• EMR – a form of energy that exhibits wave behavior due to electric and magnetic fields.
• Depending on the amount of energy, the object will emit different types of electromagnetic radiation.
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Electromagnetic waves can be imagined as a self-propagating, continuous, transverse wave of electric and magnetic fields. This diagram shows a wave propagating from right to left. The electric field is in a vertical plane and the magnetic field in a horizontal plane.
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• Electromagnetic waves are special in the fact that they do not need a medium to propagate through.
• But what is creating the disturbance? What is emitting this energy?
• ELECTRONS
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• Electrons in materials are vibrated and emit energy in the form of photons , which propagate across the universe.
• Photons have no mass, but are pure energy.
• Electromagnetic Waves are waves that are made up of these “ photons ”.
• When these photons come in contact with boundaries, E-M waves interact like other waves would.
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• Electromagnetic waves are everywhere.
• Light is only a small part of them
What other categories of electromagnetic waves do you know?
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• Longest
Wavelengths
• Football Field
Length or Longer
• Can You Hear Me
Now? TV, Radio,
Comets, Planets
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• Amplitude modulation, or AM, stations code information in the carrier wave by changing, or modulating, the amplitude.
• In contrast, frequency modulation, or FM, stations alter the frequency of the carrier signal.
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• Wavelengths are measured in cm!
• The longer wavelengths in this region are the ones that heat our food!
• Doppler Radar
• Telephone Calls
• Laptop Information
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• Range of
Wavelengths
• Near and Far IR
• Far – thermal
– Sunlight, fire, etc.
• Humans radiate most strongly in IR.
• Can’t see IR waves…ewww…sna kes!
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• What we see!!!
• ROY G. BIV
• Red is the longest wavelength
• Violet is the shortest wavelength
• All waves together
= white light
– Prism
– Water Vapor
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• Cones in our eyes are receivers for visible light.
• Sun and Light bulbs are natural sources
• The color we see is the color of light reflected while all other colors are absorbed.
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• Distinguished by
Energy not
Wavelength.
• Humans cannot see, but some insects can.
• Near UV, Far UV,
Extreme UV
• Sunlight – UV light – burns
• Study structures and evolution of galaxies.
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• More like particles than waves.
• 1895 – Wilhelm
Conrad Roentgen
• Why do we call it
“X” rays?
• Like a shadow.
• Doesn’t penetrate bone and metal.
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• Smallest wavelength.
• Generated by
Radioactive Atoms or
Nuclear Explosions.
• Can kill living cells
• Produced by hottest regions.
• High Incidence of
Cancer – Affects DNA
• CT Scans
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• Will getting two or three CT scans of the abdomen expose you to the same amount of radiation as people who lived near the atomic blast that ravaged Hiroshima in 1945 but survived?
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• What’s the problem with CTs?
• What’s the benefits of CT scans?
-Let’s Discuss
Case Study
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• Homework
– Bring in 2 articles about CT Scans and their benefit or risk to society.
– 50 points
– Read both articles and be prepared to discuss implications of technology and radiation such as CT scans.
– Debate Tuesday. (You will be given a team Tuesday, but you should be prepared for both arguments)
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• CT scanning—sometimes called CAT scanning—is a noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions.
• CT scanning combines special x-ray equipment with sophisticated computers to produce multiple images or pictures of the inside of the body.
• CT scans of internal organs, bones, soft tissue and blood vessels provide greater clarity and reveal more details than regular x-ray exams.
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• Physicians often use the CT examination to:
– quickly identify injuries to the lungs, heart and vessels, liver, spleen, kidneys, bowel or other internal organs in cases of trauma.
– guide biopsies and other procedures such as abscess drainages and minimally invasive tumor treatments.
– plan for and assess the results of surgery, such as organ transplants or gastric bypass.
– stage, plan and properly administer radiation treatments for tumors as well as monitor response to chemotherapy.
– measure bone mineral density for the detection of osteoporosis.
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• 72 million scans a year, according to a 2009 study from the Archives of Internal Medicine.
• Radiation doses vary wildly. Some patients who underwent the same type of test received 20 times more radiation than others, often in the same hospital.
• Standards?
• A new study from the National Cancer Institute projects 29,000 excess cancers from the 72 million CT scans that Americans got in 2007 alone. Nearly 15,000 of those cancers could be fatal.
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• Objectives
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• Light travels in a straight line in a vacuum or other uniform medium.
• Our brains locate objects by automatically assuming light travels from objects to our eyes along a straight path.
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• Straight Line Path of Light
• A ray is a straight line that represents the path of a narrow beam of light.
• This study of light rays in straight lines is called ray optics.
• (Ignores wave behavior)
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• Before 17 th century, light travels instantaneously.
• Galileo was first to hypothesize light had a specific speed.
– His experiment is something you could do! 
– What is wrong with his method?
• Ole Roemer
– First to determine speed of light at a measurable speed.
– Jupiter’s Moons
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• Albert A. Michelson
– Michelson and
Morley Experiment
– Ether?
• So mysterious!!
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Albert A. Michelson
– Measured time required for light to make a round trip between 2
California mountains 35 km apart.
– 2.99799 x 10 8 m/s
– First American to receive Nobel Prize in science.
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• In 1960 the development of the laser provided new methods of measuring the speed of light.
• The International Committee of
Weights and Measurements in 1983 made the speed of light a definite quantity.
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• From last chapter, we found that
– V = f * l
• We also said that the speed of a wave in a certain medium is always constant.
• It has been found that the speed of
EM waves and light is ---
– 3 x 10 8 or 300,000,000 m/s
– 671,000,000 mph
– 186,000 miles per second
– We call this value “ c ”
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• Confusion!!!
• Let’s clear that up now!
• Speed of Light vs. Colors of Light
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l
• C is constant throughout the universe, as long as light is in a
_______________.
• When it is in other materials, c can change, but can never be larger than its value in a vacuum.
• Since “ c ” is constant, all of EM waves will have a corresponding frequency to go along with their wavelength .
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• What is the frequency of yellow light if lamda = 556 nm while traveling in a vacuum?
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• Modern lasers can create a pulse of light that lasts only a few femtoseconds (fs). What is the length of a pulse of violet light that lasts 6.0 fs in a vacuum?
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• The distance to the moon can be found with the help of mirrors on the moon by astronauts. A pulse of light is sent to the moon and returns in
2.562 seconds. Calculate distance from Earth to moon.
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• Without light, there would be no sight.
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• What’s the difference between sunlight of moonlight?
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• There is an important fundamental difference between the sun and the moon.
– The sun is a luminous body
– The moon is an illuminated body
– What do you think that means?
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• A luminous body emits light waves.
• An illuminated body simply reflects light waves produced by an outside source.
• Other examples:
– Bicycle Reflector
– Incandescent Lamps (light-bulb)
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• During the evening when the Earth has rotated to a position where the light from the sun can no longer reach our part of the Earth (due to its inability to bend around the spherical shape of the Earth), objects on Earth appear black (or at least so dark that we could say they are nearly black).
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• The rate at which visible light is emitted from a source is called the
LUMINOUS FLUX, P .
• The unit of luminous flux is the lumen, lm.
• A typical 100 watt incandescent light-bulb emits 1750 lm.
• Let’s think of this as the total perceived power emitted in all directions.
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• Some light sources are specified in candela, cd, or candle power.
• The luminous intensity of a point source is the luminous flux that falls in one particular area.
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• How is luminous intensity different than flux?
– Intensity is the perceived power in a particular direction. Flux is the power in ALL directions.
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• The illumination of a surface is called the illuminance, E, and it is the rate at which light falls on a surface.
• This is measured in lumens per square meter.
• lm/m 2 = lux, lx.
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• 2 ways to increase the illumination on a surface.
– Use a brighter bulb (what would this do?)
– Move the surface closer to the bulb
(why would this help?)
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• The illuminance can be mathematically calculated by the following formula:
• This equation is only valid if the light from the source strikes the surface perpendicular to it.
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• Consider a 100 watt lightbulb in the middle of a sphere. What is the illumination of the sphere’s surface at a distance of 1 meter from the bulb?
• P = 1750 lm, d = 1m
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• What happens if the distance is 2 m?
• How does the denominator change?
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• What is the illumination on your desktop if it is lighted by a 1750 lumen lamp that is 2.50 m above your desk?
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• Your Turn! 
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l ~~~
l
• Lets find the corresponding frequency ranges for a few of the groups of E-M waves.
© 2003 Mike Maloney 90

• Which waves have more energy, Radio waves or gamma waves ?
• The greater the frequency of an E-M wave, the more crests pass a point in a certain amount of time, therefore the more photons pass that point.
• This means that more energy moves past that point in a certain amount of time or that the wave contains more energy .
© 2003 Mike Maloney 91

• So, why can we only see a small portion of these E-M waves?
© 2003 Mike Maloney 92

© 2003 Mike Maloney 93

• We now know what we see is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. We know that the light waves enter our eye, and stimulate parts of it that cause a electrical impulse to be sent to the brain which creates this visual image.
• But everything does not emit radiation. How do we see those things? And why cant we see a window?
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• We know that when waves run into a boundary they are partially transmitted and partially reflected.
• Light behaves as a wave, so it to is reflected.
• Therefore, an object does not need to emit photons itself to be seen, it just has to reflect light back to our eyes where we can detect it.
• Objects that do not allow light to pass through them are called opaque .
• Objects that allow light to pass through them are considered transparent .
• Objects in between are called translucent .
© 2003 Mike Maloney 95

• Polarization is a phenomenon of light that is used in sun-glasses and 3-D movies.
• Play with the two polarizing filters for a few minutes and note what is happening and see if you can think of any reasons for it.
© 2003 Mike Maloney 96

• Light vibrates in all directions.
• A polarizing filter acts like a picket fence. It only lets certain direction vibrations pass through it.
• Therefore, if you pass light through two of them you can completely block the light from passing through.
• HOW?
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© 2003 Mike Maloney 98

• Different objects may emit different wavelengths of E-M radiation, so we would see that light as different colors.
• But why do we see colors in objects that reflect light? If you shine a white light on my clothes, and it gets reflected why doesn’t all of my clothes appear white?
• When I shine white light through a colored piece of plastic, why does it change color?
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• The light we see is know as visible or white light – although it is not that simple.
• The light is not really white, the white we see is a combination of all the colors of the rainbow.
• Remember R O Y G . B I V from art class.
• When all of these
light waves are combined we see white light.
© 2003 Mike Maloney 100

• So if we see something as WHITE , that means …
– It reflected back all the wavelengths of light to our eyes
• If we see something as RED or BLUE
– It reflected only the RED or only the
BLUE wavelengths
– The others were absorbed.
• And if we see something as black ?
– It did not reflect back any of the light.
© 2003 Mike Maloney 101

• Filters work in a similar way.
– Red filters only let RED light thru.
– Blue let only BLUE light thru.
• What do you think that UV sticker means on your sunglasses?
• Why do they sell those orange glasses
that are supposed to reduce glare
?
© 2003 Mike Maloney 102

• Combining colors in art class
• How does color printing work ?
• Combining lights
• Why is the sky blue?
• Why are sunsets red?
• Why is water greenish-blue?
• How does 3-D work ?
• Why does a CD reflect a rainbow, and a mirror does not?
• How can you help people who are color blind?
• OTHERS  link to site
© 2003 Mike Maloney 103

• We now know how light behaves, but we must measure how strong it is.
• The rate at which a source emits light is called the LUMINOUS FLUX (P) .
• What do you think this is measured in?
What are light bulbs measured in.
• LUMINOUS FLUX (P) is actually measured in something called a lumen
(lm) .
• A typical 100-W bulb emits 1750 lm.
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• Flux is the total of all the light that is emitted from a source.
• This is not very useful, often we would like to know how much of that light is hitting a surface at some point.
• The illumination of a surface is called illuminance, E . It is measured in lumens per square meter, lm/m 2
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• How do you think illuminance is affected when the object moves away from the source?
– Right the illuminance decreases
• So what would you expect an equation to look like for E in terms of
P and the distance away d ?
– Close it is actually
E = P d 2
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