Table of Contents
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Section 2 Blood
Section 3 The Lymphatic System
Section 4 The Respiratory System
Objectives
• List five main parts of the cardiovascular system, and
describe their functions.
• Describe the two types of circulation of blood in the
body.
• List four cardiovascular problems.
Your Cardiovascular System
• The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the
three types of blood vessels that carry blood throughout
your body.
• The blood vessels—arteries, capillaries, and veins—
carry blood pumped by the heart.
The Heart
• Cardiac Muscle Your
heart is an organ made
mostly of cardiac
muscle tissue. It is
about the size of your
fist and is almost in the
center of your chest
cavity.
Chapter D2
Section 1 The Cardiovascular System
Blood Vessels
• Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the
heart and to the body’s organs.
• Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that allow the exchange
between body cells and blood.
Blood Vessels, continued
• Veins are blood vessels that carry blood back to the
heart.
Two Types of Circulation
• Pulmonary circulation is the flow of blood from the
heart to the lungs and back to the heart through the
pulmonary arteries, capillaries, and veins.
• Systemic circulation is the flow of blood from the heart
to all parts of the body and back to the heart.
Cardiovascular Problems
• Atherosclerosis
happens when
cholesterol builds up
inside of the blood
vessels.
Artherosclerosis is a
major cause of heart
diseases.
Cardiovascular Problems, continued
• High Blood Pressure Hypertension is abnormally high
blood pressure. The higher the blood pressure, the greater
the risk of a heart attack, heart failure, kidney disease, and
stroke.
• Heart Attacks and Heart Failure A heart attack happens
when heart muscle cells die and part of the heart muscle is
damaged. Heart failure happens when the heart cannot
pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.
Objectives
• Identify the four main components of blood.
• Describe three functions of blood.
• Explain how blood pressure is measured.
• Explain what the ABO blood types are and why they are
important.
What Is Blood?
• Blood is a connective tissue that carries gases,
nutrients, and wastes through the body.
• Plasma is the fluid part of blood. It is a mixture of
water, minerals, nutrients, sugars, proteins, and other
substances.
• Red Blood Cells Most blood cells are red blood cells
(RBCs). RBCs take oxygen to every cell in your body.
What Is Blood?, continued
• Platelets are pieces of larger cells found in bone
marrow. When you cut yourself, platelets help blood
clot.
What Is Blood?, continued
• White Blood Cells (WBCs) help keep you healthy by
destroying pathogens. WBCs also help clean wounds.
• WBCs also keep you healthy by destroying body cells
that have died or been damaged.
Body Temperature Regulation
• Your blood does more than supply your cells with oxygen
and nutrients. It also helps regulate your body temperature.
Blood Pressure
• The force exerted by blood on the inside walls of arteries is
called blood pressure.
Blood Types
• Every person has one of four
blood types: A, B, AB, or O. Your
blood type refers to the type of
antigens you have on the surface
of your RBCs.
Blood Types and Transfusions
• A transfusion is the injection of blood or blood
components into a person to replace blood that has
been lost. Blood type is an important consideration of a
blood transfusion.
Type
Can receive
Can donate to
A
B
AB
A, O
B, O
all
A, AB
B, AB
AB only
O
O
all
Objectives
• Describe the relationship between the lymphatic system
and the cardiovascular system.
• Identify six parts of the lymphatic system, and describe
their functions.
Vessels of the
Lymphatic System
• The lymphatic
system is the group
of organs and
tissues that collect
excess fluid and
return it to your
blood.
Vessels of the Lymphatic System, continued
• The smallest vessels of the lymphatic system are lymph
capillaries. The fluid and particles absorbed into lymph
capillaries are called lymph.
Other Parts of the Lymphatic System
• Bone Marrow is the soft tissue inside of bones. Bone
marrow is where most red and white blood cells,
including lymphocytes, are produced.
• Lymph Nodes are small, bean-shaped masses of tissue
that remove pathogens and dead cells from the lymph.
Other Parts of the Lymphatic System, continued
• The thymus is the gland that produces T cells that are
ready to fight infection.
• Your spleen is the largest lymphatic organ. The spleen
stores and produces lymphocytes.
Other Parts of the Lymphatic System, continued
• Tonsils are lymphatic
tissue in the nasal cavity
and at the back of the
mouth on either side of
the tongue. Tonsils help
defend the body against
infection.
Objectives
• Describe the parts of the respiratory system and their
functions.
• Explain how breathing happens.
• Discuss the relationship between the respiratory system
and the cardiovascular system.
• Identify two respiratory disorders.
Respiration and the Respiratory System
• Respiration is the process by which a body gets and uses
oxygen and releases carbon dioxide and water. Breathing is
only one part of respiration.
• The second part of respiration is cellular respiration,
which involves chemical reactions that release energy from
food.
• The respiratory system is the group of organs that take in
oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.
Respiration and the Respiratory System,
continued
• Nose, Pharynx, and
Larynx Your nose is the
main passageway into and
out of the respiratory
system. From the nose, air
flows into the pharynx, or
throat. The larynx is the
part of the throat that
contains the vocal chords.
Respiration and the Respiratory System,
continued
• Trachea The larynx guards the entrance to a large tube
called the trachea, or windpipe.
• Bronchi and Alveoli The trachea splits into two branches
called bronchi. One bronchus connects to each lung. In the
lungs, each bronchus branches into bronchioles, which
branch to form thousands of tiny sacs that are called
alveoli.
Respiration and the Respiratory System,
continued
Breathing
• Breathing is done by the diaphragm and rib muscles. The
diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs.
Breathing and Cellular Respiration
• In cellular respiration, oxygen is used by cells to release
energy stored in molecules of glucose. When you breathe,
you take in oxygen, which diffuses into red blood cells and
is carried to tissue cells.
Respiratory Disorders
• Respiratory disorders include asthma, emphysema, and
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).
• Asthma causes the bronchioles to narrow. An asthma
attack may be triggered by irritants such as dust or pollen.
• SARS is caused by a virus.
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the
next slide.
arteries
cardiovascular system
bronchi
alveoli
capillaries
respiratory system
cellular respiration
blood
Chapter D2
Circulation and Respiration
Chapter D2
Circulation and Respiration
Interpreting Graphics
Use the graph below to answer the questions that follow.
1. What is the most likely
explanation for the change seen
after the two-minute mark?
A The person started exercising.
B The person fell asleep.
C The person inhaled.
D The person sat down.
1. What is the most likely
explanation for the change seen
after the two-minute mark?
A The person started exercising.
B The person fell asleep.
C The person inhaled.
D The person sat down.
2. How much faster is the heart
beating during minute 5 than
during minute 2?
F 10 beats per minute more
G 12 beats per minute more
H 15 beats per minute more
I 17 beats per minute more
2. How much faster is the heart
beating during minute 5 than
during minute 2?
F 10 beats per minute more
G 12 beats per minute more
H 15 beats per minute more
I 17 beats per minute more
3. About how many minutes did
it take for this person’s heart
rate to go from 65 beats per
minute to 75 beats per minute?
A 0.7 minute
B 1.0 minute
C 1.7 minutes
D 4.0 minutes
3. About how many minutes did
it take for this person’s heart
rate to go from 65 beats per
minute to 75 beats per minute?
A 0.7 minute
B 1.0 minute
C 1.7 minutes
D 4.0 minutes
4. After how many minutes
does this person’s heart rate
return to its resting rate?
F 1.0 minute
G 2.0 minute
H 5.0 minute
I There is not enough
information to determine the
answer.
4. After how many minutes
does this person’s heart rate
return to its resting rate?
F 1.0 minute
G 2.0 minute
H 5.0 minute
I There is not enough
information to determine the
answer.
1. If Jim’s heart beats 73 times every minute, Jen’s heart
beats 68 times every minute, and Leigh’s heart beats 81
times every minute, what is the average heart rate for
these 3 people?
A 73 beats per minute
B 74 beats per minute
C 141 beats per minute
D 222 beats per minute
1. If Jim’s heart beats 73 times every minute, Jen’s heart
beats 68 times every minute, and Leigh’s heart beats 81
times every minute, what is the average heart rate for
these 3 people?
A 73 beats per minute
B 74 beats per minute
C 141 beats per minute
D 222 beats per minute
2. The Griffith family has 4 dogs. Each of the dogs eats
between 0.9 kg and 1.3 kg of food every day. Which is a
reasonable estimate of the total amount of food all 4 dogs
eat every day?
F 1 kg of food
G 3 kg of food
H 4 kg of food
I 8 kg of food
2. The Griffith family has 4 dogs. Each of the dogs eats
between 0.9 kg and 1.3 kg of food every day. Which is a
reasonable estimate of the total amount of food all 4 dogs
eat every day?
F 1 kg of food
G 3 kg of food
H 4 kg of food
I 8 kg of food
3. Assume that the average person’s resting heart rate is
70 beats per minute. The resting heart rate of a particular
person is 10 beats per minute more than the average
person’s. If a person with the higher heart rate lives 75
years, about how many more times will his or her heart
beat than the average person’s heart in that time?
A 3,942
B 394,200
C 3,942,000
D 394,200,000
3. Assume that the average person’s resting heart rate is
70 beats per minute. The resting heart rate of a particular
person is 10 beats per minute more than the average
person’s. If a person with the higher heart rate lives 75
years, about how many more times will his or her heart
beat than the average person’s heart in that time?
A 3,942
B 394,200
C 3,942,000
D 394,200,000