Unit 3 Review
Terms and Applications
General Terms
 Nature vs. Nurture—the debate in
psychology over the relative roles of genetics
and environment in producing psychological
outcomes
 Quid pro quo—”this for that”: an action
performed in expectation of a return action
 Ostentation/Ostentatious—the gaudy,
excessive showing off of wealth
Terminology of Literary Criticism
 Realism—a literary movement in which writers
represented ordinary people in extraordinary,
but real situations, rejecting the fantastic,
heroic, mythic, etc. Began in the 19th century
 Modernism—literary movement from the
1880s – WWII which introduced radical
experimentation in literary technique, including
fragmentation of perspective, discontinuity of
narrative, disruption of syntax, and themes of
alienation and spiritual emptiness
Terminology of Literary Criticism
 In medias res—starting a story “in the middle of
things” in order to draw in readers
 Flashback—interruption in the chronological order
of the story by a scene or image from the past
 Back Story—history of a character, often not
shown or related, perhaps hinted at
 Foreshadowing—authorial hints or suggestions
about future events in the story
 Flash Forward—Interruption in the chronological
order of the story by a scene or image from the
future
Terminology of Philosophy
 Platonic Idealism—Plato’s belief that the reality we
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can sense is only a poor reflection of an ideal that
exists on a higher plane
Free Will—the ability to choose your actions and
ultimately your fate for yourself
Determinism—denies free will and sees humans as
animalistic, controlled more by biologic drives than
logic and thought—if we can’t see the soul, then it
must not exist.
Motif—a repeated thematic element throughout a
story or other work of art
Persona—a “mask” or personality a character (or
real person) adopts in preference to or to cover up
his/her real self
Composition
 Critical Lens Introduction Structure
 Interpret the lens
 Agree or disagree
 Connect to both pieces of literature
 Body Paragraph Structure
 Topic sentence that connects the lens to a
specific piece of literature
 Specific details from the literature supporting
the topic sentence
 Transition or clincher sentence that connects
points to one another through the critical lens
Composition
 Diction
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Vocabulary—use of terms we have learned
Mechanics—grammar, spelling, punctuation
Essay Structure—especially topic and
transition sentences
Use of Specific Details—precise and
accurate
Sentence Structure—syntax, complex vs.
simple sentences
Formality—avoiding slang terms and phrases
How do you get to Carnegie Hall?
Try to figure out which of the terms above
best represent the following:
 Ethan Frome
 The Nick’s details about Gatsby and Dan
Cody
 As I was hanging by a branch from the cliff,
my life passed before my eyes . . .
 James Gatz’s view of himself
 Using stream of consciousness as a narrative
technique
How do you get to Carnegie Hall?
 The plot in The Crucible turns on the question of
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whether or not it is right to lie to save your life
Ned and Ruth almost hitting the big elm
Showing off your huge engagement ring
Are identical twins alike in every way? What is
they are separated at birth and grow up in
different families?
Writing a story about a farmer who struggles
with a poor crop due to a drought.
Writing a story about a farmer who struggles
with a poor crop using discontinuity of narrative
How do you get to Carnegie Hall?
 Ethan Frome reflects the lack of economic
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freedom the poor face in American society
The frequent references to driving and car
accidents in The Great Gatsby
Our “decisions” are only biological imperatives
Nick’s reverie about the first time Gatsby kissed
Daisy
Nick’s sense of alienation from the world at the
end of The Great Gatsby is a characteristic of
this
How do you get to Carnegie Hall?
 Contribute to my campaign and I’ll steer
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business to your company
Fuzzy picture only seen clearly on a U2 (jet that
flies at extreme altitude)
Here we are starting the story in the middle
Gatz could never truly be Gatsby because of his
poverty-stricken youth and lack of experience in
upper class society
You can do whatever you choose
How do you get to Carnegie Hall?
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Why did Fitzgerald tell the story out of order?
Who killed Gatsby?
Why did Tom tell Wilson about Gatsby?
Did Fitzgerald effectively illustrate the upper
class moral failures of the 1920’s?
 Someone isn’t listening right now—years later
he curses as he lays dying because he hadn’t
understood that his inattentiveness would cause
poor reading skills and lead to his using his radio
in the bathtub—he thought the directions said he
could
How do you get to Carnegie Hall?
The Hollow Men (fragment)
Here we go round the prickly pear
Prickly pear prickly pear
Here we go round the prickly pear
At five o'clock in the morning.
Between the idea
And the reality
Between the motion
And the act
Falls the Shadow
For Thine is the Kingdom
Between the conception
And the creation
Between the emotion
And the response
Falls the Shadow
Life is very long
Between the desire
And the spasm
Between the potency
And the existence
Between the essence
And the descent
Falls the Shadow
For Thine is the Kingdom
For Thine is
Life is
For Thine is the
This is the way the world ends
This is the way the world ends
This is the way the world ends
Not with a bang but a whimper.
- T.S. Eliot
How do you get to Carnegie Hall?
We Wear the Mask
WE wear the mask that grins and
lies,
It hides our cheeks and shades our
eyes,—
This debt we pay to human guile;
With torn and bleeding hearts we
smile,
And mouth with myriad subtleties.
Why should the world be over-wise,
In counting all our tears and sighs?
Nay, let them only see us, while
We wear the mask.
We smile, but, O great Christ, our
cries
To thee from tortured souls arise.
We sing, but oh the clay is vile
Beneath our feet, and long the mile;
But let the world dream otherwise,
We wear the mask!
Paul Laurence Dunbar
Ethan Frome
 What is Starkfield like, according to the
narrator?
 How does Ethan Frome act in the opening
frame section?
 What is the state of Ethan and Zeena’s
marriage as the “past” section begins?
 What is Zeena’s illness?
 What attracts Ethan to Mattie?
 What are Ethan’s plans for his night alone
with Mattie?
Ethan Frome
 What happens during their night alone?
 What news does Zeena bring back from
Bettsbridge?
 Why can’t Ethan run away with Mattie?
 Where will Mattie most likely go?
 What is the first and only time Ethan stands
up to Zeena?
 What do Ethan and Mattie talk about on their
ride to the train station?
Ethan Frome
 Why do they decide to take the final sled
ride?
 What does the narrator find at Ethan’s
house?
 What is Ruth Hale’s judgment of life at the
Frome’s?
 Explain the symbolism of the pickle dish.
 Explain the simile of the butterfly in winter.
 In what ways could Ethan be considered a
tragic hero?
The Great Gatsby
 What is Nick’s mood at the beginning of the
novel?
 What is his contradictory opinion of Gatsby?
 Why has Nick moved to West Egg?
 What is Nick’s salient characteristic at the
beginning of the novel?
 How does he know Tom and Daisy?
 Explain Myrtle.
 What are some of the rumors about Gatsby?
The Great Gatsby
 How does Gatsby find out Nick knows Daisy?
 What do we know for sure about Gatsby’s
past?
 Why does Nick like Jordan?
 What are some of the signs that Gatsby is not
who he says he is?
 What is Gatsby’s first reunion with Daisy like?
 What does Gatsby want Daisy to do?
 What happens at the hotel?
The Great Gatsby
 Why did Gatsby fail?
 What are the circumstances of the car
accident?
 What does Tom do for revenge?
 Why does Nick dump Jordan?
 Describe Gatsby’s funeral?
 What the heck does the ending mean?
 What characteristics of Realism can we find in
this book.