2015-16
ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
SAIT, JABALPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
LABORATORY - NETWORK ANALYSIS LAB(B-301)
SUBJECT - NETWORK ANALYSIS
SUBJECT CODE: EX-305
BRANCH – EX
SEMESTER - III (GRADING)
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. To study and verify the Superposition Theorem.
2. To study and verify the Thevenin Theorem.
3. To study and verify the Norton Theorem.
4. To study and verify the Reciprocity Theorem.
5. To study and verify the Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.
6. To study and determine the Open Circuit ( Z ) Parameters of a passive two port network.
7. To study and determine the Short Circuit ( Y ) Parameters of a passive two port network.
8. To study and determine the Transmission Line (ABCD) Parameters of a passive two port network.
9. To study Resonance in Series RLC circuit and to find its resonance frequency.
10. To study Resonance in Parallel RLC circuit and to find its resonance frequency.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
INDEX
S. NO.
1
NAME OF EXPERIMENT
To study and verify the Superposition
Theorem.
2
To study and verify the Thevenin
Theorem.
PAGE NO. DATE
SIGN.
REMARKS
To study and verify the Norton Theorem.
3
4
To study and verify the Reciprocity
Theorem.
5
To study and verify the Maximum Power
Transfer Theorem.
6
To study and determine the Open Circuit
( Z ) Parameters of a passive two
port network.
7
To study and determine the Short Circuit
( Y ) Parameters of a passive two
port network.
8
To study and determine the Transmission
Line (ABCD) Parameters of a passive
two port network.
9
To study Resonance in Series RLC
circuit and to find its resonance
frequency.
10
To study Resonance in Parallel RLC
circuit and to find its resonance
frequency.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
EXPERIMENT NO. – 01
AIM: - To verify Superposition Theorem.
APPARSATUS REQUIRED:S. NO.
01.
02.
NAME
Network Theorem Trainer
Experimental Board
Multimeter
03.
Patch Cord
TYPE
SMPS
DC Supply
Digital
RANGE
±5V , ±12V,500mA
2μA to 200mA
0-1000V (AC/DC)
0-10A (AC/DC)
2 mm
QUANTITY
01
01
As Per
Requirement
THEORY:Superposition Theorem
The total current in any part of a linear circuit equals the algebraic sum of the currents produced by each
source separately.
The Superposition Theorem is an important concept in circuit analysis. It allows you to determine a voltage
across a component or a branch current by calculating the effect of each source individually, and then
algebraically adding each contribution.



There are two or more energy sources.
The sources are either voltage or current sources.
The circuit is not too complex.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
2015-16
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:1.
2.
3.
4.
Connect + 5V DC power supplies using patch cords to terminals 1 and 8.
Connect + 12V DC power supplies using patch cords to terminals 4 and 5.
Connect 2mm patch cord between terminals 3 and 6.
Connect onboard ammeter between terminals 2 and 7 to measure current flowing through branch CD in
presence of both voltage sources, say it is I.
5. Remove one of the supply (say + 5V) from branch AB by disconnecting patch cords between terminal 1
and
supply, 8 and Gnd.
6. Connect a 2mm patch cord between terminals 1 and 8 (short circuit).
7. Measure the value of current flowing through branch CD in presence of single voltage source of +12V,say
it
is I’.
8. This time remove other supply (say +12V) from branch GH by disconnecting patch cords between
terminals
4 & supply, 5 & Gnd.
9. Connect a 2 mm patch cord between terminals 4 and 5 (Short circuit).
10. Measure the value of current flowing through branch CD in presence of single voltage source of +5V,say
it
is I’’.
11. Compare the amount of current flowing in presence of both of the source with the sum of current flowing
in
case of individual source. These currents must follow the relation I=I’+I’’.
12. Repeat above procedure for other branches like EF, GH etc.
OBSERVATION TABLE:V1=5 V ACTING ONLY
V2=12 V ACTING ONLY
S.NO.
V___(V)
V___ (V)
V___ (V)
V___(V)
V1 & V2 ACTING
SIMULTANEOUSLY
V___ (V)
V___ (V)
ERROR
01.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
V1=5 V ACTING ONLY
V2=12 V ACTING ONLY
S.NO.
I___ (mA)
I___ (mA)
I___(mA)
I___(mA)
V1 & V2 ACTING
SIMULTANEOUSLY
I___ (mA)
I___(mA)
2015-16
ERROR
01.
CALCULATIONS:-
RESULT:(Yes/No), the sum of current flowing through branches in case of individual sources is nearly equals
to the amount of current flowing through the same branch in case of both of the sources.
PRECAUTIONS:1. All connections should be right and tight.
2. Proper range of meters should be selected.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
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VIVA- VOCE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
EXPERIMENT NO. – 02
AIM :- To verify Thevenin Theorem.
APPARSATUS REQUIRED :S. NO.
01.
02.
NAME
Network Theorem Trainer
Experimental Board
Multimeter
03.
Patch Cord
TYPE
RANGE
SMPS
±5V , ±12V,500mA
DC Supply
2μA to 200mA
Digital
0-1000V (AC/DC)
0-10A (AC/DC)
2 mm
QUANTITY
01
01
As Per
Requirement
THEORY :Statement of Thevenin’s Theorem
Any two-terminal bilateral linear DC circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage
source and a series resistor
The Thevenin’s equivalent circuit provides equivalence at the terminals only the internal construction and
characteristics of the original network and the Thevenin’s equivalent are usually quite different. This theorem
achieves two important objectives:
1. Provide a way to find any particular voltage or current in a linear network with one, two, or any other
Number of sources.
2. We can concentrate on a specific portion of a network by replacing the remaining network with an equivalent
circuit.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
Equivalent circuit
PROCDURE:1.
Connect +12V, DC power supplies at their indicated position using patch cords.
2.
Measure voltage between terminals 2 & 4 using voltmeter, for this connect terminal 2 to the + terminal of DC
Voltmeter and 4 to –ve terminal. It is the required value of Thevenin's equivalent voltage (V TH).
3.
To measure theoretical value of Thevenin's equivalent voltage VTH of given circuit, proceed as follows:
4.
Determine the value of current I flowing through 511E resistor with the help of basic current laws.
5.
Multiply the current I with the resistance value 511E. The product is required theoretical value of V TH.
6.
Compare theoretical and practical values of Thevenin’s equivalent voltage V TH.
7.
Disconnect the patch cord between terminals 1 to +12V and Gnd to Gnd.
Connect test point 1 & Gnd (of circuit) so as to replace source by its internal resistance (assuming it
8.
negligible).
9.
Measure resistance between terminals 2 & 4 using multimeter. It is the required value of Thevenin's equivalent
resistance RTH.
10.
Now measure theoretical value of Thevenin’s equivalent resistance RTH between terminals 2 & 4 of the given
circuit by using fundamentals of resistances in series and parallel.
11.
Compare theoretical and practical value of Thevenin’s equivalent resistance R TH and find the
(Error =Theoretical value – Measured value).
OBSERVATION TABLE
LINEAR CIRCUIT
S.
RL(Ω)
NO.
Pr
THEVENIN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Vin (V)
VTH (V)
RTH (Ω)
IRL (mA)
Th
Th
Th
Th
Pr
Pr
Pr
Pr
RL(Ω)
Pr
Vin (V)
Th
Pr
VTH (V)
RTH (Ω)
IRL (mA)
Th
Th
Th
Pr
Pr
Pr
01.
02.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ERROR
ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
2015-16
CALCULATIONS:-
RESULT:1. Theoretical value of Thevenin’s equivalent voltage VTH =
2. Practical value of Thevenin’s equivalent voltage VTH =
3. Error =
4. Theoretical value of Thevenin’s equivalent resistance RTH =
5. Practical value of Thevenin's equivalent resistance RTH =
6. Error =
7. The value of current flowing through the load in linear circuit =
8. The value of current flowing through the equivalent=
9. Error =
PRECAUTIONS:1. All connections should right and tight.
2. Proper range of meters should be selected.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
2015-16
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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2015-16
ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
EXPERIMENT NO. – 03
AIM:- To verify Norton Theorem.
APPARSATUS REQUIRED:S. NO.
01.
02.
NAME
Network Theorem Trainer
Experimental Board
Multimeter
02.
Patch Cord
TYPE
RANGE
SMPS
±5V,±12V,500mA
DC Supply
2μA to 200mA
Digital
0-1000V (AC/DC)
0-10A (AC/DC)
2 mm
QUANTITY
01
01
As Per
Requirement
THEORY:Statement of Norton’s Theorem
A linear active network consists of independent and dependant voltage and current sources and linear bilateral
network elements can be replaced by an equivalent circuit, consisting of a current source in parallel with a
resistance. The current source being the short circuited current across the load terminal and the resistance being
the internal resistance of the source network, looking through the open circuited load terminals.
The Norton’s equivalent circuit provides equivalence at the terminals only the internal construction and
characteristics of the original network and the Norton equivalent are usually quite different.
This theorem achieves two important objectives :
1. Provide a way to find any particular voltage or current in a linear network with one, two, or any other number
of sources.
2. We can concentrate on a specific portion of a network by replacing the remaining network with an equivalent
circuit.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
PROCEDURE:-
To measure practical value of Norton's equivalent current IN of given circuit, proceed as follows:
1. Connect a 2mm patch cord between +5V supply and terminal 1, and ground to ground of the circuit as
shown
in figure 2.
2. Measure current between terminals 2 and ground, for this, connect 2 and ground to + ve and –ve terminals
of
the ammeter respectively provided on the board. It is the required value of Norton current IN.
To measure theoretical value of Norton's equivalent current IN of given circuit, proceed as follows:
3. Determine the value of current I flowing through 475E resistor with the help of basic current laws.
4. Compare theoretical and practical value of Norton’s equivalent current IN.
To measure practical value of Norton's equivalent Resistance RN of given circuit, proceed as follows:
1. Disconnect the 2 mm patch cord between terminals 1 and supply.
2. Connect terminals 1 and ground so as to replace source by its internal resistance (assuming it negligible).
3. Measure resistance between terminals 2 and ground using multimeter.
4. It is the required value of Norton's equivalent resistance RN.
5. Measure theoretical value of Norton’s equivalent resistance RN between terminals 2 and ground of the given
circuit by using fundamentals of resistance in series and parallel.
6. Compare theoretical and practical value of Norton’s equivalent resistance RN.
To compare the given circuit with its Norton’s equivalent circuit proceed as follows:
1. Connect a 2mm patch cord between terminals 1 and supply and Gnd to Gnd socket.
2. Connect an ammeter between terminals 2 and 3 to measure load current IL flowing through load resistance of
given circuit.
3. Set the value of load resistance of given circuit and load of equivalent circuit same and equal.
4. Connect an ammeter between terminals 4 and 5 and examine the value. This current is same as I N of the
Norton circuit.
5. Connect a 2 mm patch cord between terminals 4 and 5 and between terminals 8 and 9.
6. Connect an ammeter between terminals 6 and 7 to measure load current (I L) flowing through load resistance
of Norton’s equivalent circuit.
7. Compare load current (IL) flowing through both of the load resistances.
OBSERVATION TABLE
NORTON EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
LINEAR CIRCUIT
S.
NO.
RL(Ω)
Pr
Vin (V)
IN (mA)
RN (Ω)
Th
Th
Pr
Pr
Pr
Pr
IRL (mA) RL(Ω)
Pr
Th Pr
RN (Ω)
IN (mA)
Th
Pr
Th
Pr
IRL (mA)
Th
Pr
01.
02.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ERROR
ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
2015-16
CALCULATIONS :-
RESULT:1. Theoretical value of Norton’s equivalent current IN = …………..
2. Practical value of Norton’s equivalent current IN =……………...
3. Theoretical value of Norton’s equivalent resistance RN = ………
4. Practical value of Norton's equivalent resistance RN = ………….
5. (Yes/No), the value of current flowing through the load resistance in both of the cases is
approximately equal. Hence Norton’s theorem is verified.
PRECAUTIONS:1. All connections should right and tight.
2. Proper range of meters should be selected.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
EXPERIMENT NO. – 04
AIM: - To verify Reciprocity Theorem.
APPARSATUS REQUIRED:S. NO.
01.
02.
NAME
Network Theorem Trainer
Experimental Board
Multimeter
03.
Patch Cord
TYPE
RANGE
SMPS
±5V , ±12V,500mA
DC Supply
2μA to 200mA
Digital
0-1000V (AC/DC)
0-10A (AC/DC)
2 mm
QUANTITY
01
01
As Per
Requirement
THEORY:Reciprocity Theorem
The Reciprocity theorem is applicable only to single-source networks and states the following:
The current I in any branch of a network, due to a single voltage source E anywhere in the network, will equal
the current through the branch in which the source was originally located if the source is placed in the branch in
which the current I was originally measured.
The location of the voltage source and the resulting current may be interchanged without a change in current.
In other words, the current in any branch of a network, due to a single voltage source E anywhere else in the
network, will equal the current through the branch in which the source was originally located if the source is
placed in the branch in which the current I was originally measured.
If Vs = Vs’ then I1’ = I2
Actually exists: (I1’/ Vs’) = (I2/ Vs)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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2015-16
ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
PROCEDURE :-
1. Connect + 5V DC power supply and Gnd using patch cords to terminals 1 and 8respectively.
2. Connect 2 mm patch cords between terminal 2 and 7, 3 and 6.
3. Connect onboard ammeter between terminal 4 and 5 to measure current flowing through branch GH in the
presence of + 5V supply.
4. Switch ‘On’ the power supply.
5. Measure the value of current flowing through branch GH in the presence of single voltage source of + 5V
in branch AB
6. Interchange the position of supply and ammeter i.e., remove 2 mm patch cord between terminal 1 and
supply, 8 and Gnd, and ammeter from terminals 4 and 5 and connect 2 mm patch cords between terminals
supply and 4, Gnd and 5, 2 and 7, 3 and 6.
7. Connect an ammeter between terminals 1 and 8 to measure current flowing through branch AB in
presence of + 5V supply in branch GH.
8. Measure the value of current flowing through branch AB in presence of single voltage source of + 5V in
branch GH.
9. Repeat above steps for the measurement of current flowing through any branch in the presence of voltage
source of +12V in other branch also measure the current flow after interchanging position of supply and
ammeter, as done above.
10. Compare the amount of current flowing in first branch, when the source is in second branch with the
amount of current flow in second branch when the source is in first branch.
11. Note: Take care of current direction and supply polarity while interchanging one by other.
OBSERVATION TABLE:S.NO.
SOURCE
V----- (V)
LOAD
I ---- (mA)
SOURCE
I ---- (mA)
LOAD
V----- (V)
01.
02.
CALCULATIONS:-
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
2015-16
RESULT:(Yes/No), the amount of current flowing in branch one, when the source is in the second branch is
equal to the current flowing in second branch, when the source an ammeter are interchanged.
PRECAUTIONS:1. All connections should right and tight.
2. Proper range of meters should be selected.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
EXPERIMENT NO. – 05
AIM: - To verify Maximum Power Transfer Theorem.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:S. NO.
01.
02.
NAME
Network Theorem Trainer
Experimental Board
Multimeter
03.
Patch Cord
TYPE
RANGE
SMPS
±5V , ±12V,500mA
DC Supply
2μA to 200mA
Digital
0-1000V (AC/DC)
0-10A (AC/DC)
2 mm
QUANTITY
01
01
As Per
Requirement
THEORY:Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
The Maximum power transfer theorem states that when the load resistance is equal to the source's internal
resistance, maximum power will be developed in the load. Since most low voltage DC power supplies have a very
low internal resistance (10 ohms or less) great difficulty would result in trying to affect this condition under actual
laboratory experiments. The terminals (a & b) will be considered as the power supply's output voltage terminals.
The student will use a potentiometer as a variable size of load resistance. For various settings of the potentiometer
representing RL, the load current and load voltage will be measured. The power dissipated by the load resistor can
then be calculated.
In general, for maximum power to the load:
RL = RTH
In figure, where RL = RTH, we find that
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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2015-16
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Set a value of load resistance RL at some lower value (say 400). For this connect multimeter between
terminals 6 and 7 and set the resistance.
Now remove multimeter and connect +5V supply to terminal 5 and Gnd to Gnd.
Connect the onboard DC Ammeter between terminals 6 & 7, for this connect terminal 6 to + terminal of
Ammeter and 7 to its –ve terminal.
Observe the reading of DC Ammeter, this will give the load current IL.
Determine the product of I²L RL, the power dissipated for this value of load resistance.
Record the value of load resistor RL, current flowing through load resistance IL, and power dissipated PL in
an observation table.
Now repeat same steps for different values of resistances like 450, 500, 550etc
Observe for what value of resistance the power transferred is maximum. This resistance must be equal to
the Thevenin resistance or internal resistance of the circuit.
OBSERVATION TABLE
S. NO.
Load Resistance RL (Ω)
Load Current IRL (mA)
Power Dissipated PL (W) = I2RL
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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CALCULATIONS:-
RESULT:(Yes/No), the maximum amount of power will be dissipated by a load resistance, when that load
Resistance is equal to the Thevenin resistance of the network supplying the power and the value of Maximum
Power dissipated is found equal to.
PRECAUTIONS:1. All connections should right and tight.
2. Proper range of meters should be selected.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
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VIVA- VOCE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
EXPERIMENT NO. – 06
AIM: - To determine Open Circuit / Z / Impedance Parameters of a Passive Two Port Network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
S. NO.
01.
02.
NAME
Two Port Network Trainer
Experimental Board
Multimeter
03.
Patch Cord
TYPE
RANGE
SMPS
±5V , ±12V,500mA
DC Supply
2μA to 200mA
Digital
0-1000V (AC/DC)
0-10A (AC/DC)
2 mm
QUANTITY
01
01
As Per
Requirement
THEORY:Z-Parameters or Open Circuit Parameters or Impedance Parameters
For the two port network, the input and output voltages V1 and V2 can be expressed in terms of input and output
currents I1 and I2 respectively as
[V] = [Z] [I] ----------------------- (1)
Where [Z] is the impedance matrix. Equation (1) can be represented as
In a two port network representation, the network is assumed to be a rectangular box and the directions of input
port and output port currents and voltages have been shown in figure.
Equation (2), gives
And
V1 = Z11 I1 + Z12 I2 ---------------------- (3)
V2 = Z21 I1 + Z22 I2 ---------------------- (4)
Z-Parameters
(Open Circuit Parameters or Impedance Parameters)
Where,
Z11 = Input Driving Point Impedance,
Z12 = Reverse Transfer Impedance,
Z21 = Forward Transfer Impedance,
Z22 = Output Driving Point Impedance.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:1. To measure Z11 and Z21 parameters, let the output port of the network i.e. terminals 3 and 4 remain open. This
will make I2 = 0 (refer Table 1).
2. Calculating Z11:
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as+12 V and Gnd.
c. Measurement of I1: Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 2. Now connect ammeter (DMM) between terminal
named as +12 V and terminal 1, to measure I1.
d. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
e. Calculate Z11 by the formula given in Table 1 i.e.,Z11 = V1/I1 .
3. Calculating Z21:
a. Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 i.e., connect terminal named as +12 V to terminal 1 and terminal
named as Gnd to terminal 2.
b. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
c. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4.
d. Measurement of I1: Remove DC Supply connections between +12 V terminal and terminal 1. Connect an
ammeter (DMM) between +12 V terminal and terminal 1, to measure I1.
e. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
f. Calculate Z21 by the formula given in Table 1 i.e., Z21 = V2/I1
4. To measure Z12 and Z22 parameters, let the input port of the network i.e., terminals 1 and 2 remain open. This
will make I1 = 0 (refer Table 1).
5. Calculating Z12:
a. Connect +5 V DC Supply to port 2 i.e. terminal named as +5 V to terminal 3 and terminal named as Gnd to
terminal 4.
b. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
c. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal 1 and terminal 2.
d. Measurement of I2: Remove DC Supply connections between +5 V terminal and terminal 3. Connect an
ammeter (DMM) between +5 V terminal and terminal 3 to measure I2.
e. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
f. Calculate Z12 by the formula given in Table 1 i.e., Z12 = V1/I2 .
6. Calculating Z22:
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
2015-16
b. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +5 V and Gnd.
c. Measurement of I2: Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 4. Now connect ammeter (DMM) between +5 V
terminal and terminal 3 to measure I2.
d. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
e. Calculate Z22 by the formula given in Table 1 i.e., Z22 = V2/I2.
OBSERVATION TABLE
CASE I :- I2 = 0
S.No.
Input Driving Point Impedance
Z11 =V1 / I1 (Ω)
Th
Pr
Forward Transfer Impedance
Z21=V2 / I1 (Ω)
Th
Pr
Error
Output Driving Point Impedance
Z22 =V2 / I 2 (Ω)
Th
Pr
Reverse Transfer Impedance
Z12=V1 / I2 (Ω)
Th
Pr
Error
01.
CASE I :- I1 = 0
S.No.
01.
CALCULATIONS:-
RESULT:The values of the Z-parameters are
Z11 = ……………… Z12 = ………………
Z21 = …………….… Z22 = ………………
PRECAUIOTNS:1. All connections should right and tight .
2. Proper range of meters should be selected .
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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2015-16
ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
EXPERIMENT NO. – 07
AIM: - To determine Short Circuit / Y / Admittance Parameters of a Passive Two Port Network .
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
S. NO.
01.
02.
NAME
Two Port Network Trainer
Experimental Board
Multimeter
03.
Patch Cord
TYPE
RANGE
SMPS
±5V , ±12V,500mA
DC Supply
2μA to 200mA
Digital
0-1000V (AC/DC)
0-10A (AC/DC)
2 mm
QUANTITY
01
01
As Per
Requirement
THEORY:Y-Parameters or Short Circuit Parameters or Admittance Parameters
In a two port network, the input currents I1 and I2 can be expressed in terms of input and output voltages V1 and
V2 respectively as
[I] = [Y] [V]
------------------- (9)
Where [Y] is the admittance matrix.
In a two port network representation, the network is assumed to be a rectangular box and the directions of input
port and output port currents and voltages have been shown in figure.
Equation (10) gives
I1 = Y11V1 + Y12V2
And I2 = Y21V1 + Y22V2
------------------- (11)
------------------- (12)
Y-Parameters
(Short Circuit Parameters or Admittance Parameters)
Where,
Y11 = Input Driving Point Admittance,
Y12 = Reverse Transfer Admittance,
Y21 = Forward Transfer Admittance,
Y22 = Output Driving Point Admittance.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:1. To measure Y11 and Y21 parameters, the output port of the network i.e., terminals 3 and 4 are shorted with the
help of patch chord. This will make V2 =0 (refer Table 2).
2. Calculating Y11:
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +12 V and Gnd.
c. Measurement of I1: Connect Gnd terminal to terminal 2. Now connect ammeter (DMM) between terminal
named as +12 V and terminal 1, to measure I1.
d. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
e. Calculate Y11 by the formula given in Table 1 i.e., Y11 = I1/V1.
3. Calculating Y21:
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +12V and Gnd.
c. Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 i.e., connect terminal named as +12 V to terminal 1 and terminal
named as Gnd to terminal 2.
d. Measurement of I2 : Remove shorted connections of output port i.e., disconnect terminal 3 and terminal 4
from each other. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4 to measure I2.
e. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
f. Calculate Y21 by the formula given in Table 1 i.e.Y21 = I2/V2.
4. To measure Y12 and Y22 parameters, the input port of the network i.e. terminals 1 and 2 are shorted with the
help of patch chord. This will make V1 = 0 (refer Table 2).
5. Calculating Y12:
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +5 V and Gnd.
c. Connect +5 V DC Supply to port 2 i.e., connect terminal named as +5 V to terminal 3 and terminal named
as Gnd to terminal 4.
d. Measurement of I1: Remove shorted connections of input port i.e., disconnect terminal 1 and terminal 2
from each other. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal 1 and terminal 2 to measure I1.
e. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
f. Calculate Y12 by the formula given in Table 1 i.e., Y12 = I1/V2.
6. Calculating Y22:
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +5 V and Gnd.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
c. Measurement of I2: Connect terminals 1 and 2 to make V1 = 0 as given in step 4. Connect Gnd terminal to
terminal 4. Now connect ammeter (DMM) between terminal named as +5 V and terminal 3 to measure I2.
d. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
e. Calculate Y22 by the formula given in Table 1 i.e., Y22 = I2/V2.

OBSERVATION TABLE:CASE I :- V2 = 0
S.No.
Input Driving Point Admittance
Y11 =I1 / V1 ( )
Th
Pr
Forward Transfer Admittance
Y21=I2 / V1 ( )
Th
Pr
Error
Output Driving Point Admittance Reverse Transfer Admittance
Y22 =V2 / I 2 ( )
Y12=V1 / I2 ( )
Th
Pr
Th
Pr
Error
01.
CASE I :- V1 = 0
S.No.
01.
CALCULATIONS:-
RESULT:The values of the Y-parameters are
Y11 = ……………… Y12 = ………………
Y21 = …………….… Y22 = ………………
PRECAUIOTNS:1. All connections should right and tight.
2. Proper range of meters should be selected.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
2015-16
VIVA- VOCE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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2015-16
ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
EXPERIMENT NO. – 08
AIM: - To determine Transmission / T / ABCD Parameters of a Passive Two Port Network.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:-
S. NO.
01.
02.
NAME
Two Port Network Trainer
Experimental Board
Multimeter
03.
Patch Cord
TYPE
RANGE
SMPS
±5V , ±12V,500mA
DC Supply
2μA to 200mA
Digital
0-1000V (AC/DC)
0-10A (AC/DC)
2 mm
QUANTITY
01
01
As Per
Requirement
THEORY :ABCD Parameters or Transmission Parameters or T-Parameters:
ABCD Parameters are widely used in analysis of power transmission engineering where they are termed as
“Generalized Circuit Parameters”. It power transmission problems, it is conventional to designate the input port as
sending end and the output port as receiving end while representing ABCD Parameters. More over the output
direction, assumed in figure 5, is taken reverse.
Here, the ABCD parameter equations are given as
A
𝐶
Where matrix [
𝐵
] is called the transmission matrix of the network.
𝐷
Such that V1 = AV2 + B(-I2)
And I1 = CV2 + D (-I2)
------------------ (18)
------------------ (19)
ABCD Parameters
(Transmission Parameters or T-Parameters)
Where,
A = Reverse Voltage Ratio,
B = Transfer Impedance,
C = Transfer Admittance,
D = Reverse Current Ratio.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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2015-16
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:1. To measure A and C parameters, let the output port of the network i.e. terminals 3 and 4 remain open. This
will make I2 = 0 (refer Table 3).
2. Calculating A:
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminals named as +12 V and Gnd.
c. Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 i.e., connect terminal named as +12V to terminal 1 and terminal named
as Gnd to terminal 2.
d. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) at the output port of the network i.e., between the terminal 3
and terminal 4.
e. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
f. Calculate A by the formula given in Table 3 i.e., A = V1/V2.
3. Calculating C :
a. Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 i.e., connect terminal named as +12 V to terminal 1 and terminal named
as Gnd to terminal 2.
b. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
c. Measurement of V2: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4.
d. Measurement of I1: Remove DC Supply connections between +12 V terminal and terminal 1. Connect an
ammeter (DMM) between +12 V terminal and terminal 1 to measure I1.
e. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
f. Calculate C by the formula given in Table 3 i.e., C = I1 / V2.
4. To measure B and D parameters, the output port of the network i.e. terminals 3 and 4 are shorted with the
help of patch chord. This will make V2 = 0 (refer Table 3).
5. Calculating B :
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of V1: Connect voltmeter (DMM) between terminal named as +12 V and terminal named as
Gnd.
c. Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 of the network i.e. connect terminal named as +12 V to terminal 1 and
terminal named as Gnd to terminal 2.
d. Measurement of I2: Remove shorted connection of output port i.e. disconnect terminal 3 and terminal 4 from
each other. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and terminal 4 to measure I2.
e. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
f. Calculate B by the formula given in Table 3 i.e,B = V1/-I2.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
6. Calculating D :
a. Switch ‘On’ the power switch of the trainer.
b. Measurement of I1: Connect terminal 3 and terminal 4 to short the output port of the network. Connect Gnd
terminal to terminal 2. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal named +12 V and terminal 1 to measure
I1.
c. Measurement of I2: Connect +12 V DC Supply to port 1 of the network i.e. connect terminal named as +12
V to terminal 1 and terminal named as Gnd to terminal 2. Remove shorted connections of output port i.e.
disconnect terminal 3 and terminal 4 from each other. Connect an ammeter (DMM) between terminal 3 and
terminal 4 to measure I2.
d. Switch ‘Off’ the power switch of the trainer.
e. Calculate D by the formula given in Table 1 i.e., D = I1/-I2
OBSERVATION TABLE
CASE I :- I2 = 0
S.No.
Reverse Voltage Ratio
A =V1 / V2
Th
Pr
Transfer Admittance
C = V1 /- I2( )
Th
Pr
Error
Transfer Impedance
B = V2 / I 2 (Ω)
Th
Pr
Reverse Current Ratio
D = I1 / -I2
Th
Pr
Error
01.
CASE I :-V2 = 0
S.No.
01.
CALCULATIONS :-
RESULT :The values of the ABCD-Parameters are
A = ……………… B = ………………
C = …………….… D = ………………
PRECAUIOTNS:1. All connections should right and tight.
2. Proper range of meters should be selected.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
2015-16
VIVA- VOCE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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2015-16
ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
EXPERIMENT NO. – 09
AIM: - Study of Resonance in Series RLC Circuit and to find its resonance frequency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:S. NO.
01.
02.
NAME
Resonance Trainer
Experimental Board
CRO
03.
Patch Cord
TYPE
RANGE
230V, 50Hz, 8Vpp,
QUANTITY
01
1KHz, 10KHz, 60KHz
Analog
30MHz,
1mV sensitivity
2 mm
01
As Per
Requirement
THEORY:Series RLC resonance circuit :
Series RLC circuit is as shown in figure 1. In a series RLC circuit, the current lags behind, or leads the applied
voltage depending upon the values of XL and XC. XL causes the total current to lag behind the applied voltage,
while XC causes the total current to lead the applied voltage. When XL > XC, the circuit is predominantly inductive,
and when XC > XL, the circuit is predominantly capacitive. However, if one of the parameters of the series RLC
circuit is varied in such a way that the current in the circuit is in phase with the applied voltage, then the circuit is
said to be in resonance.
R
L
C
The total impedance for the series RLC circuit is
Z = R + j(XL-XC) = R + j(ωL−1/ ω C)
1
1
𝐴
W stored =2 CV 2 = 2 € 𝐷2
The circuit is said to be in resonance if the current is in phase to the applied voltage. In a series RLC
circuit, series resonance occurs when XL = XC. The frequency at which the resonance occurs is called
resonant frequency. At the resonant frequency, fr, the voltages across capacitance and inductance are equal
in magnitude. Since they are 180o out of phase with each other, they cancel each other and, hence, at
resonance frequency the amplitude of signal across LC combination will be minimum.
At resonance,
X L = XC
Solving for resonance we have,
fr2 = 1 / 4π LC
___
fr = 1 / 2π√ LC ………(1)
In a series RLC circuit, the resonance may be produced by varying frequency, keeping Land C constant;
otherwise, resonance may produced by varying either L or C for a fixed frequency.
The impedance in series RLC circuit is,
________________
1
Z =√ R2 + (ωL − 𝜔 𝐶)2 …….(2)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect terminals A and B so that inductor L1 and capacitor C1 will be in series.
2. Now connect generator output to this series combination, for this connect TP9 and TP10 to Vin and TP4
(Ground) respectively.
3. To observe the output of circuit, connect TP1 and TP4 to + and – terminals of display.
4. Switch ON the power supply.
5. Select 1KHz range from Frequency Range Selector.
6. Vary the frequency by Variable Frequency knob and observe the change in output voltage on display.
7. Apply same process for other two frequency ranges and note the minimum voltage.
8. Now connect the CRO across TP9 and TP10 and find the frequency for which the output voltage is
minimum among these three ranges. This frequency will be the resonance frequency of this RLC circuit.
9. Similarly select other combinations like L1-C2, L2-C1, L2-C2 by connecting terminals A D,C-B and CD respectively one by one and apply same procedure to find the resonance frequency.
10. Record your observations in the observation table.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
S.NO.
Combination
01.
L1-C1
02.
L1-C2
03.
L2-C1
04.
L2-C2
Minimum Output Voltage
(V)
Resonance Frequency
(Hz)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
2015-16
CALCULATIONS:-
RESULT:-
Theoretical value of resonant frequency = fr =
Practical value of resonant frequency = fr =
1
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
1
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
= ………
= ………
PRECAUIOTNS:-
1. All connections should right and tight .
2. Proper range of meters should be selected .
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
2015-16
VIVA- VOCE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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2015-16
ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
EXPERIMENT NO. – 10
AIM: - Study of Resonance in Parallel RLC Circuit and to find its resonance frequency
APPARSATUS REQUIRED:S. NO.
01.
NAME
Resonance Trainer
Experimental Board
TYPE
02.
CRO
Analog
03.
Patch Cords
RANGE
230V, 50Hz
8Vpp,
QUANTITY
01
1KHz, 10KHz, 60KHz
30MHz,
1mV sensitivity
2 mm
01
As Per
Requirement
THEORY:Parallel RLC resonance circuit :
Basically, parallel resonance occurs when XC = XL. The frequency at which resonance occurs is called the
resonant frequency. When XC = XL, the two branch-currents are equal in magnitude and 180o out of phase with
each other. Therefore, the two currents cancel each other and the total current is zero. Consider the circuit
shown in figure 6. The condition for resonance occurs when XL = XC.
At resonance
Solving for resonance we have,
XL = XC
𝜔0 =
1
𝑅𝐿 2 𝐶 − 𝐿
1
2
[ 2
]
√𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝐿 𝐶 − 𝐿
Or, when RL= RC
𝑓𝑟 =
1
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
Inductive susceptance is inversely proportional to the frequency or (ω ). Hence it is represented by a rectangular
hyperbola, MN. It is drawn in forth quadrant, since BL is negative. Capacitive susceptance, BC = 2p fC. It is
directly proportional to frequency f or (ω ). Hence it is represented as OP, passing through the origin. Net
susceptance B=BC-BL. it is represented by the curve JK, which is a hyperbola. At point ω r, the total susceptance
is zero, and the resonance takes place. The variation of the admittance Y and the current I is represented by curve
VW. The current will be minimum at resonant frequency.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
PROCEDURE:-
1. Connect terminals E and F, G and J, so that L3 and C3 will be in parallel.
2. Now connect generator output to this parallel combination, for this connect TP9 and TP10 to Vin and TP8
(Ground) respectively.
3. To observe the output of circuit, connect TP5 and TP8 to + and – terminals of display.
4. Switch ON the power supply.
5.
Select 1 KHz range from Frequency Range Selector.
6.
Vary the frequency by Variable Frequency knob and observe the change in output voltage on display.
7. Apply same process for other two frequency ranges and note the maximum voltage.
8.
Now connect the CRO across TP9 and TP10 and find the frequency for which the output voltage is
maximum among these three ranges. This frequency will be the resonance frequency of this RLC circuit.
9. Similarly select other combinations like L3-C4, L4-C3, L4-C4 by connecting terminals G-K,H-J and J-K
respectively one by one and apply same procedure to find the resonance frequency.
10. Record your observations in the observation table.
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
S.NO.
Combination
01.
L3-C3
02.
L3-C4
03.
L4-C3
04.
L4-C4
Minimum Output Voltage
(V)
Resonance Frequency
(Hz)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
2015-16
CALCULATIONS:-
RESULT:Theoretical value of resonant frequency ,
PRECAUIOTNS:1. All connections should right and tight .
2. Proper range of meters should be selected .
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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ST. ALOYSIUS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JABALPUR
2015-16
VIVA- VOCE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
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