Chapter Objectives chapter 16-17
1. Explain why researchers originally thought protein was the genetic material
2. Summarize the experiments performed by the following scientists
1. Frederick Griffith
2. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
3. Erwin Chargaff
4. Avery, McCarty, and MacLeod
3. List the 3 components of a nucleotide
4. Distinguish between ribose and deoxyribose
5. List the nitrogen bases found in DNA and distinguish between pryrimidine and purine
6. Explain how Watson and Crick deduced the structure of DNA and describe what
evidence they used
7. Explain the base-pairing rule and describe its significance
8. Describe the structure of DNA and explain what kind of chemical bond connects the
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nucleotides of each strand and what type of bond holds the 2 strands together
Explain semisconservative replication and describe the Meselson-Stahl experiment
Describe the process of DNA replication and explain the role of helicase, single
strand binding protein, DNA polymerase, ligase, and primase.
Explain what energy source drives endergonic synthesis of DNA
Define antiparallel and explain why continuous synthesis of both DNA strands is not
possible
Distinguish between the leading strand and the lagging strand
Explain how the lagging strand is synthesized when DNA polymerase can add
nucleotides only to the 3' end
Explain the role of DNA polymerase, ligase, and repair enzymes in DNA proofreading
and repair
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16. Describe early experimental evidence that implicated proteins as the links between
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genotype and phenotype
Describe Beadle and Tatum's experiments with Neurospora and explain the
contribution they made to our understanding of how genets control metabolism
Distinguish between the "one gene~~one enzyme" hypothesis and the "one
gene~~one polypeptide" hypothesis and explain why the original hypothesis was
changed
Explain how DNA differs from RNA
Explain how information flows from gene to protein
Describe where transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes
and explain why it is significant that in eukaryotes, transcription and translation are
separated in space and time
22. Define codon and explain what relationship exists between the linear sequence of
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codons on mRNA and the linear sequence of codons on mRNA and the linear sequence
of amino acids in a polypeptide
List the three stop codons and the one start codon
Explain in what way the genetic code is redundant and unambiguous
Explain the evolutionary significance of a nearly universal code
Explain the process of transcription including the 3 major steps of initiation,
elongation, and termination
Explain the general role of RNA polymerase in transcription
Explain how RNA polymerase recognizes where transcription should begin
Specifically describe the primary functions of RNA polymerase II
Distinguish among mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
Describe the structure of tRNA and explain how the structure is related to
function
Given a sequence of bases in DNA, predict the corresponding codons transcribed on
mRNA and the corresponding anticodons of tRNA
Describe the wobble effect
Explain how an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase matches a specific amino acid to its
appropriate tRNA and describe the energy source that drives this endergonic
process
Describe the structure of a ribosome and explain how this structure relates to
function
Describe the process of translation including initiation, elongation, and termination
and explain what enzymes, protein factors, and energy sources are need for each
stage
Explain what determines the primary structure of a protein and describe how a
polypeptide must be modified before it becomes fully functional
Describe what determines whether a ribosome will be free in the cytosol or
attached to rough ER
Explain how proteins can be targeted for specific sites within the cell
Describe the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA
Explain how eukaryotic mRNA is processed before it leaves the nucleus
Describe some biological functions of introns and gene splicing
Explain why base-pair insertions or deletions usually have a greater effect than
base-pair substitutions
Describe how mutagenesis can occur