CARDIOVASCULAR,RESPIRATORY,
AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 15
A Presentation
CHAPTER 15
• FOCUSES ON THE
CARDIOVASCULAR,LYMPHATIC,RESPIRATORY,
DIGESTIVE,AND THE EXCRETORY SYSTEMS.
• ALSO,DISCUSSED IS HOW TO
MAINTAIN EACH SYSTEM AND THE
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH
SYSTEM.
LESSON 1 THE CARDIOVASCULAR AND
LYMPATHIC SYSTEM
• THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM,
WHICH INCLUDES THE HEART AND
BLOOD VESSELS,CIRCULATES
BLOOD,ANF THE LYMPATHIC SYSTEM
CIRCULATES LYMPH THROUGHOUT
THE BODY.
• BELLRINGER-WHAT IS THE MAIN
FUNCTION OF THE HEART?
WHY THE BLOOD CIRCULATES
• THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
PROVIDES NUTRIENTS AND OXYGEN,
CARRIES AWAY WASTES AND HELPS
FIGHT DISEASE.
• YOUR HEART PUMPS BLOOD TO
YOUR BODY’S CELLS 24 HOURS A
DAY, EVEN WHEN YOU’RE ASLEEP.
IMPORTANT TASKS
1. CARRYING OXYGEN FROM THE
LUNGS TO BODY CELLS.
2. ABSORBING NUTRIENTS FROM FOOD
AND DELIVERING THEM TO THE
CELLS.
3. CARRYING BACK CARBON DIOXIDE,A
WASTE GAS, FROM YOUR CELLS
BACK TO THE LUNGS TO BE EXHALE.
• 4.DELIVERING WASTE PRODUCTS TO
THE KIDNEYS FOR REMOVAL FROM
THE BODY.
• 5.HELPING THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS
FIGHT DISEASE BY ATTACKING
INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS.
HOW BLOOD CIRCULATION
WORKS
• THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
CONSISTS OF THE HEART, BLOOD ,
AND BLOOD VESSELS.
• THIS SYSTEM DELIVERS BLOOD
THROUGHOUT THE BODY
• IF BLOOD VESSELS WERE LAID END
TO END, THEY WOULD STRETCH
OVER 60,000 MILES. ENOUGH TO
CIRCLE THE EARTH 2 ½ TIMES.
THE HEART
YOUR HEART IS THE MUSCLE
THAT MAKES THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
WORK.
4 CHAMBERS
2 TOP CHAMBERS ARE CALLED
THA ATRIA.
2 LOWER CHAMBERS ARE
CALLED VENTRICLES.
A WALL OF TISSUE, THE
SEPTUM, SEPARATES THE 4
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART.
VALVES BETWEEN THE ATRIA
AND VENTRICLES ALLOW
BLOOD TO FLOW THROUGH
THE CHAMBERS.
• PACEMAKER-IS AN AREA OF MUSCLE
LOCATED IN THE TOP RIGHT ATRIUM.
• ELECTRICAL IMPULSES STIMULATES
THE ATRIA TO CONTRACT, FOR THE
BLOOD INTO THE VENTRICLES.
• MUSCLES OF THE VENTRICLES TO
CONTRACT, PUMPING BLOOD OUT OF
THE HEART.
HOW BLOOD CIRCULATES
• PULMONARY CIRCULATION-IS THE
PROCESS BY WHICH BLOOD MOVES
BETWEEN THE HEART AND THE
LUNGS.
• DURING THIS PROCESS, BLOOD THAT
LAST LOST OXYGEN PICKS UP
CARBON DIOXIDE. THE O RICH BLOOD
THEN IS CIRCULATED AGAIN
THROUGH THE BODY.
BLOOD
BLOOD
• IS THE FLUID THAT DELIVERS
OXYGEN,HORMONES,AND NUTRIENTS
TO THE CELLS AND CARRIES AWAY
WASTES.
• BLOOD IS MADE UP OF THESE
COMPONENTS:
1. PLASMA-ABOUT 55% OF TOTAL
BLOOD VOLUME CONSISTS OF
PLASMA.
• PLASMA IS MAINLY WATER,BUT ALSO
CONTAINS
NUTRIENTS,PROTEINS,SALTS,AND
HORMONES.
• 2. RED BLOOD CELLS THESE CELLS
MAKE UP ABOUT 40% OF NORMAL
BLOOD.
• THEY CONTAIN HEMOGLOBIN, THE
OXYGEN CARRYING PROTEIN IN
BLOOD.
• HEMPGLOBIN CONTAINS IRON BINDS
• WITH O IN THE LUNGS AND RELEASES
THE O IN THE TISSUES. ALSO,
COMBINES WITH CD, WHICH IS
CARRIED FROM THE CELLS TO THE
LUNGS.
• 3. WHITE BLOOD CELLS THESE CELLS
PROTECT THE BODY AGAINST
INFECTION.
• 4. PLATELETS-ARE TYPES OF CELLS
IN THE BLOOD THAT CAUSE CLOTS TO
FORM. PLATELETS COLLECTS AT A
TEAR. THE CLOT BLOCKS THE FLOW
OF BLOOD AND DIRES TO FORM A
SCAB.
TYPES OF BLOOD
• ALL HUMANS HAVE 4 TYPES OF
BLOOD.
• A,B,AB,AND O
• EACH BLOOD TYPE IS DETERMINED
BY THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF
CERTAIN SUBSTANCES CALLED
ANTIGENS.
• TYPE O BLOOD IS CALLED THE
UNIVERSAL DONOR. BECAUSE
ANYONE CAN RECEIVE THEIR BLOOD.
• MOST BLOOD ALSO CARRIES
SNOTHER SUBSTANCE CALLED THE
RH FACTOR.
• IF YOUR BLOOD CONTAINS THE RH
FACTOR-IT IS RH POSITIVE
• IF YOUR BLOOD DOES NOT CONTAIN
THE RH FACTOR-IT IS RH NEGATIVE.
BLOOD VESSELS
• 3 MAIN TYPES OF BLOOD
VESSELS:ARTERIES, CAPILLARIES,
AND VEINS
• ARTERIES-ARE BLOOD VESSELS THAT
CARRY OXYGENATED BLOOD AWAY
FROM THE HEART.
• ARTERIES ARE VESSELS THAT
BRANCH INTO PROGRESSIVELY
SMALLER VESSELS CALLED
ARTERIOLES.
• THE ARTERIOLES DELIVER BLOOD TO
THE CAPILLARIES.
• CAPILLARIES-ARE SMALL VESSELS
THAT CARRY BLOOD FROM THE
ARTERIOLES AND TO SMALL
VESSELS, WHICH EMPTY INTO VEINS.
• THEY ARE NEAR THE SKIN SURFACE
• VEINS-ARE BLOOD VESSELS THAT
RETURN BLOOD TO THE HEART.
• WALLS OF THE VEINS ARE THINNER
AND LESS ELASTIC THAT TOSE OF
THE ARTERIES.
• VENA CAVA-IS A LARGE VEIN THAT
CARRIES OXYGENATED BLOOD TO
THE RIGHT ATRIUM OF THE HEART.
• PULMONARY VEINS CARRY
OXYGENATED BLOOD TO THE LEFT
ATRIUM.
• VALVES HELP PREVENT A BACK FLOW
OF BLOOD AS IT IS PUMPED BACK TO
THE HEART.
HOW LYMPH CIRCULATION
WORKS
• THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM HELPS
FIGHT INFECTION AND PROVIDES
IMMUNITY TO DISEASE.
• LOOK AT THE DIAGRAM ON PAGE 412.
• THE NETWORK CONSISTS OF
VESSELS AND TISSUES THAT MOVE
AND FILTER LYMPH-THE CLEAR FLUID
THAT FILLS THE SPACES AROUND
THE BODY CELLS.
• LYMPH CONTAINS WATER AND
PROTEINS ALSO CONTAINS FATS AND
SPECIALIZED WHITE BLOOD CELLS
CALLED LYMPHOCYTES. THESE
CELLS FIGHT AGAINST PATHOGENS.
• PATHOGENS-IS A MICROORGANISM
THAT CAUSES DISEASES.
• 2 TYPES- B CELLS T CELLS
• THE B CELLS MULTIPLY WHEN THEY
COME IN CONTACT WITH A
PATHOGEN.
• 2 MAIN TYPES OF T CELLS
• KILLER CELLS
HELPER CELLS
• THESE MULTIPLY AND ENLARGE
WHEN THEY COME IN CONTACT WITH
A PATHOGEN.
• THE KILLER T CELLS RELEASE TOXINS
THAT PREVENT INFECTIONS FROM
SPREADING.
• THE HELPER T CELL ACTIVATES BOTH
THE B CELLS AND THE KILLER T
CELLS.
• LYMPH IS FILTERED BY LYMPH
NODES-SMALL BEAN-SHAPED
ORGANS FOUND IN LYMPH VESSELS.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• INCLUDES CERTAIN ORGANS AND
TISSUES- SUCH AS SPLEEN,THYMUS
GLAND,TONSILS,ADENOIDS AND
APPENDIX– THAT HEKP PROTECT THE
BODY FROM INFECTION.
MAINTAINING YOUR CIRCULATORY
HEALTH
• HEALTHY HABITS CAN HELP PROTECT
THE HEALTH OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR AND LYMPHATIC
SYSTEMS.
1. EAT A WELL-BALANCED DIET
2. MAINTAIN A HEALTHY WEIGHT
3. EXERCISE FOR AT LEAST 30
MINUTES 3 TO 4 TIMES A WEEK
• 4.AVOID SECONDHAND SMOKE AND
USING TOBACCO PRODUCTS.
• 5.AVOID ILLEGAL DRUGS
• 6. GET REGULAR MEDICAL
CHECKUPS.
BLOOD PRESSURE
• BLOOD PRESSURE-IS A MEASURE OF
THE AMOUNT OF FORCE THAT THE
BLOOD PLACES ON THE WALLS OF
THE WALLS OF BLOOD
VESSELS,PARTICULARLY LARGE
ARTERIES, AS IT PUMPED
THROUGHOUT THE BODY.
• A PRESSURE READING INCLUDES 2
NUMBERS
• THE FIRST NUMBER MEASURES YOUR SYSTOLIC
PRESSURE-THE MAXIMUM PRESSURE YOUR
HEART CONTRACTS TO PUSH BLOOD INTO THE
ARTERIES.
• THE SECOND NUMBER MEASURES YOUR
DIASTOLIC PRESSURE- THE PRESSURE AT ITS
LOWEST POINT WHEN YOUR VENTRICLES RELAX.
• NORMAL RANGE IS 120/80
• HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IS 140/90
• HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE PLACES
STRESS ON THE HEART AND CAN
LEAD TO CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
PROBLEMS
• SOME CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS
ARE INHERITED;OTHERS RESULT
FROM ILLNESS,DIET, OR AGING.
• CONGENTIAL HEART DEFECTS-ARE
CONDITIONS OF THE HEART THAT
ARE PRESENT AT BIRTH.
• HEART MURMURS-ARE ABNORMAL
SOUNDS THAT ARE MADE AS BLOOD
FLOWS THROUGH THE HEART.
• VARICOSE VEINS ARE FORMED AS
RESULT OF THE VALUES IN VEINS
NOT CLOSING TIGHTLY ENOUGH TO
PREVENT BACKFLOW OF BLOOD.
• ANEMIA IS A CONDITION IN WHICH
THE ABILITY OF THE BLOOD TO
CARRY OXYGEN IS REDUCED.
• LOW IRON
• HEMOPHILIA IS AN INHERITED
DISORDER. THE BLOOD DOES NOT
CLOT PROPERLY.
• LEUKEMIA IS A FORM OF CANCER IN
WHICH ANY ONE OF THE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS IS
PRODUCED EXCESSIVELY AND
ABNORMALLY.
LYMPATHIC SYSTEM PROBLEMS
• PROBLEMS OF THE LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM CAN RANGE FROM MILD TO
LIFE-TREATHENING.
• TONSILLITIS-YOUR TONSILS HELP
REDUCE THE NUMBER OF
PATHOGENS ENTERING THE BODY
THROUGH THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM.
• IMMUNE DEFICIENCY IS A RESULT OF
A WEAKENED IMMMUNE SYSTEM AND
CAN NO LONGER PROTECT THE BODY
FROM INFECTION.
• HODGKIN’S DISEASE –HODGKIN’S
LYMPHOMA, THIS TYPE OF CANCER
AFFECTS THE LYMPH TISSUE FOUNF
IN LYMPH NODES AND SPLEEN
LESSON 2
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• BIG IDEA- THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
PROVIDES OXYGEN TO THE BLOOD
AND REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE
FROM THE BODY.
• BELLRINGER-WHAT ARE THE MAIN
ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM?
WHAT HAPPENS DURING RESPIRATION
• THE REPIRATORY SYSTEM PROVIDES
OXYGEN TO THE BLOOD AND
REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE FROM
THE BODY.
• MAIN FUNCTION IS RESPIRATION, THE
EXCHANGE OF GASES BETWEEN THE
BODY AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
• YOUR RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE FROM
THE BODY AND PROVIDES IT WITH
FRESH OXYGEN.
• THE PROCESS OF RESPIRATION CAN
BE DIVIDED INTO 2 PARTS.
• EXTERNAL-OXYGEN MOVES FROM
THE LUNGS INTO THE BLOOD, AND
CARBON DIOXIDE MOVES FROM THE
BLOOD INTO THE LUNGS.
• INTERNAL-OXYGEN MOVES FROM THE
BLOOD INTO THE CELLS, AND
CARBON DIOXIDE MOVES FROM THE
CELLS INTO THE BLOOD.
• OXYGEN FUELS THE BRAIN AND
ALLOWS YOUR BODY TO METABOLIZE
FOOD FOR THE ENERGY TO MOVE
MUSCLES.
HOW RESPIRATION WORKS
• THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CONSISTS OF THE LUNGS, TRACHEA,
AND DIAPHRAM.
• YOUR LUNGS AUTOMATICALLY FILL
WITH AIR AND EMPTIED IN A
RHYTHMIC WAY.
• BREATHING IS REGULATED BY THE
BRAIN,WHICH SENDS IMPULSES TO
STIMULATE THE MUSCLES INVOLVED
IN RESPIRATION.
• THE LUNGS ARE FOUND WITHIN THE
CHEST CAVITY AND ARE PROTECTED
BY THE RIBS.
• IN THE BASE OF THE CHEST CAVITY IS
THE DIAPHRAM-A MUSCLE THAT
SEPARATES THE CHEST FROM THE
ABDOMINAL CAVITY.
THE LUNGS
• AIR MOVES INTO THE LUNGS
THROUGH THE TRACHEA-OR
WINDPIPE.
• THE TRACHEA BRANCHES OUT INTO 2
BRONCHI-THE MAIN AIRWAYS THAT
REACH INTO EACH LUNG.
• BRONCIOLES-A NETWORK OF TUBES
WHICH BRING AIR CLOSER TO THE
SITE OF EXTERNAL RESPIRATION.
• ALVEOLI-MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURES
AT THE END OF EACH BRONCHIOLE.
• THEY ARE THIN-WALLED AIR SACS
COVERED WITH CAPILLARIES.
• OTHER RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES
• CILIA-HAIARLIKE STRUCTURES THAT
LINE THE MEMBRANE OF THE NOSE.
• CILIA AND MUCUS HELP TO PREVENT
FOREIGN PARTICLES FROM MOVING
DEEPER INTO THE REPIRATORY SYSTEM.
• PHARYNX-THROAT
• TRACHEA-WINDPIPE
• LARYNX-VOICE BOX CONNECTS THE
THROAT TO THE TRACHEA. THE
LARYNX CONTAINS THE VOCAL
CORDS,TWO BANDS OF TISSUE THAT
PRODUCE SOUND WHEN AIR IS
FORCED BETWEEN THEM CAUSES
THEM TO VIBRATE.
• EPIGLOTTIS-IS A FLAP OF TISSUE
LOCATED ABOVE THE LARYNX. IT
FOLDS DOWN TO CLOSE OFF THE
ENTRANCE TO THE LARYNX AND
TRACHEA WHEN YOU SWALLOW.
• IT KEEPS FOOD AND DRINK FROM
ENTERING THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM. “ GOING DOWN THE WRONG
PIPE”.
MAINTAINING YOUR RESPIRATORY HEALTH
• CARING FOR YOUR LUNGS CAN
PREVENT MANY RESPIRATORY
DISORDERS.
• RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS CAN
AFFECT THE FUNCTIONING OF OTHER
BODY SYSTEMS AND,IN TURN,MANY
ASPECTS OF YOUR DAILY LIFE.
• MOST IMPORTANT DECISION IS DON’T
SMOKE
• SMOKING DAMAGES ALL PARTS OF
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND IS
THE MAIN CAUSE OF LUNG CANCER.
• TOBACCO USE ALSO REDUCES THE
RATE OF LUNG GROWTH IN TEENS.
• AIR POLLUTION ALSO INCREASES THE
RISK OF RESPIRATORY HEALTH
PROBLEMS AND CERTAIN TYPES OF
CANCER.
• REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IS
ALSO IMPORTANT FOR A HEALTHY
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
• WASHING YOUR HANDS REGULARLY
CAN HELP PREVENT INFECTIONS.
• LIMIT YOUR EXPOSURE TO
POLLUTANTS.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PROBLEMS
• PROBLEMS OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM CAN BE MILD, SUCH AS A
COLD,OR SERIOUS AND EVEN LIFE
THREATENING.
• SINUSITIS-IS AN INFLAMMATION OF
THE TISSUES THAT LINE THE
SINUSES, AIR-FILLED CAVITIES ABOVE
THE NASAL PASSAGES AND THROAT.
• BRONCHITIS-IS AN INFLAMMATION OF
THE BRONCHI CAUSED BY INFECTION
OR EXPOSURE TO IRRITANTS SUCH
AS TOBACCO SMOKE OR AIR
POLLUTION.
• ASTHMA-IS AN INFLAMMATORY
CONDITION IN WHICH THE
TRACHEA,BRONCHI, AND
BRONCHIOLES BECOME
NARROWED,CAUSING DIFFFICULTY BREATHING
• PNEUMONIA-IS AN INFLAMMATION OF
THE LUNGS COMMONLY CAUSED BY A
BACTERIAL OR VIRAL INFECTION.
• TUBERCULOSIS-IS A CONTAGIOUS
BACTERIAL INFECTION THAT
USUSALLY AFFECTS THE LUNGS.
• EMPHYSEMA-IA A DISEASE THAT
PROGRESSIVELY DESTROYS THE
WALLS OF THE ALVEOLI.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
LESSON 3
• THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PROVIDES
NUTRIENTS AND ENERGY FOR YOUR
BODY THROUGH THE DIGESTION OF
FOOD.
• BELLRINGER-WHAT ARE THE MAIN
PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?
WHAT HAPPENS DURING
DIGESTION
• IN DIGESTION, FOODS ARE BROKEN
DOWN AND ABSORBED AS
NOURISHMENT OR ELIMINATED AS
WASTE.
• THE FOODS YOU EAT PROVIDE
NOURISHMENT.
3 MAIN PROCESSES
• DIGESTION-IS THE MECHANICAL AND
CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF FOODS
WITHIN THE STOMACH AND
INTESTINES FOR USE BY THE BODY’S
CELLS.
• ABSORPTION-IS THE PASSAGE OF
DIGESTED FOOD FROM THE
DIGESTIVE TRACT INTO THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
• ELIMINATION-is the body’s expulsion of
undigested food or body wastes.
• HOW DIGESTION WORKS
• THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CONSISTS
OF THE
MOUTH,ESOPHAGUS,STOMACH, AND
INTESTINES.
• MECHANICAL PROCESS-INVOLVES
CHEWING,MASHING,AND BREAKING
FOOD DOWN.
• CHEMICAL PROCESS-INVOLVES
SECRETIONS PRODUCED BY THE
DIGESTIVE
• TEETH-BREAK THE FOOD YOU EAT
INTO SMALLER PIECES.
• MASTICATION-THE PROCESS OF
CHEWING WHICH PREPARES THE
FOOD TO BE SWALLOWED.
• SALIVARY GLANDS-PRODUCE
DIGESTIVE JUICES.
• SALIVA-CONTAINS AN ENZYME THAT
BEGINS TO BREAK DOWN STARCHES
AND SUGARS I FOOD.
• TONGUE-PREPARES CHEWED FOOD
FOR SWALLOWING BY SHAPING IT.
• UVULA-THE SMALL FLAP OF TISSUE
AT THE BACK OF THE MOUTH,THAT
PREVENTS FOOD FROM ENTERING
THE NASAL PASSAGES.
• EPIGLOTTIS-TISSUE COVERING THE
THROAT, PREVENTS FOOD FROM
ENTERING THE REPIRATORY SYSTEM.
THE ESOPHAGUS
• WHEN FOOD IS SWALLOWED, IT
ENTERS THE ESOPHAGUS, THE
MUSCULAR TUBE ABOUT 10 INCHES
LONG THAT CONNECTS THE
PHARYNX WITH THE STOMACH.
• PERISTALSIS-A SERIES OF
INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE
CONTRACTIONS THAT MOVES FOOD
THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE TRACK.
• SPHINCTER MUSCLE-A CIRCULAR
MUSCLE AT THE ENTRANCE TO THE
STOMACH-ALLOWS FOOD TO MOVE
FROM THE ESOPHAGUS INTO THE
STOMACH.
• STOMACH-IS A HOLLOW, SAC-LIKE
ORGAN ENCLOSED IN A WALL OF
MUSCLE.
STOMACH HAS 3 TASKS
• MIXING FOODS WITH GASTRIC
JUICES.
• GASTRIC JUICES-ARE SECRETIONS
FROM THE STOMACH LINING THAT
CONTAIN HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND
PEPSIN, AN ENZYME THAT DIGEST
PROTEIN.
• H. ACID-KILLS BACTERIA---MUCUS
PROTECTS THE STOMACH LINING.
• STORING PARTIALLY DIGESTED FOOD
AND LIQUID. THE STOMACH HOLDS
THE FOOD FOR FURTHER DIGESTION
• BEFORE IT MOVES TO THE SMALL
INTESTINES.
• MOVING FOOD INTO THE SMALL
INTESTINE.AS FOOD IS DIGESTED IN
THE STOMACH, IT IS CONVERTED TO
CHYME.
• CHYME-IS A CREAMY, FLUID MIXTURE
OF FOOD AND GASTRIC JUICES.
• THE CHYME IS MOVED INTO THE
SMALL INTESTINE THROUGH AN
OPENING CONTROLLED BY ANOTHER
SPHINCTER MUSCLE.
THE PANCREAS,LIVER,AND
GALLBLADDER
• THE PANCREAS PRODUCES ENZYMES
THAT BREAK DOWN THE
CARBOHYDRATES, FATS, AND
PROTEINS IN FOOD.
• BILE- A DIGESTIVE JUICE PRODUCED
BY THE LIVER-IT IS A YELLOWGREEN,BITTER FLUID IMPORTANT IN
THE BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION
OF FATS. STORED IN THE
GALLBLADDER BETWEEN MEALS.
• BILE ACIDS DISSOLVE THE FATS INTO
THE WATERY CONTENTS OF THE
INTESTINES.
• THE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINES
• SMALL INTESTINES-20 TO 23 FEET IN
LENGTH AND 1 INCH IN DIAMETER.
• CONSISTS OF 3 PARTS: DUODENUMTHE JEJUNUM, AND THE ILEUM.
• DUODENUM-THE CHYME IS
DISSOLVED BY DIGESTIVE JUICES
SECRETED FROM THE SMALL
INTESTINE,LIVER, AND PANCREAS.
• 90% OF ALL NUTRIENTS ARE
ABSORBED THROUGH THE SMALL
INTESTINES.
• VILLI-FINGER-LIKE PROJECTIONS
THAT LINE THE INNER WALL.
• UNABSORBED MATERIAL LEAVES THE
SMALL INTESTINE IN THE FORM OF
LIQUID AND FIBER AND MOVES BY
PERISTALSIS INTO THE LARGE
INTESTINE.
• UNDIGESTED PARTS OF THE FOODFIBER, OR ROUGHAGE-PASS INTO
THE COLON, OR LARGE INTESTINE.
• LARGE INTESTINE-IS 2.5 INCHES IN
DIAMETER AND 5 TO 6 FEET IN
LENGTH.
• FUNCTION IS TO ABSORB
WATER,VITAMINS,AND SALTS, AND TO
ELIMINATE WASTE.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PROBLEMS
• DIGESTIVE PROBLEMS RANGE FROM
INDIGESTION TO ACUTE CONDITIONS
THAT REQUIRE IMMEDIATE MEDICAL
ATTENTION.
• TAKING CARE OF YOUR DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM BEGINS WITH THE FOODS
YOU EAT AND HOW YOU EAT THEM.
FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS
• THE FUNCTIONING OF THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM MAY BE AFFECTED BY
ILLNESS,STRESS,OR EATING A
PARTICULAR FOOD.
• INDIGESTION-IS A FEELING OF
DISCOMFORT IN THE UPPER
ABDONMEN,SOMETIMES WITH GAS
AND NAUSEA. CAUSED BY EATING
TOO FAST, TOO MUCH,SPICY , AND
HIGH FAT FOOD;STRESS
• CONSTIPATION-CAUSES THE FECES
TO BECOME DRY AND HARD MAKING
BOWEL MOVEMENTS DIFFICULT. CAN
BE CAUSED BY NOT DRINKING
ENOUGH WATER OR CONSUMING
ENOUGH FIBER TO MOVE WASTES
THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
• HEARTBURN-IS A BURNING
SENSATION IN THE CENTER OF THE
CHEST THAT MAY RISE UP THE
THROAT. ACID REFLUX,SPICY
FOODS,ALCOHOL,TOBACCO,AND
GREASY FOODS MAY CAUSE
HEARTBURN.
• GAS-PRODUCED FROM THE
BREAKDOWN OF FOOD IS
NORMAL.EXCESSIVE GAS CAN
RESULT IN CRAMPS OR AN
UNCOMFORTABLE FEELING OF
FULLNESS IN THE ABODOMEN.
• NAUSEA-IS THE FEELING OF
DISCOMFORT THAT SOMETIMES
PRECEDES VOMITING.
• DIARRHEA-IS THE FREQUENT
PASSAGE OF WATERY FECES.CAN BE
CAUSED BY BACTERIAL OR VIRAL
INFECTIONS,SOME
MEDS,OVEREATING,EMOTIONAL,AND
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCES.
STRUCTURAL PROBLEMS
• TOOTH DECAY-MAY MAKE IT
DIFFICULT TO CHEW FOODS
THOROUGHLY. BRUSHING AND
FLOSSSING TEETH DAILY CAN
PREVENT TOOTH DECAY,ALONG WITH
REGULAR DENTAL CHECKUPS.
• GASTRITIS-IS AN INFLAMMATION OF
THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE THAT LINES
THE STOMACH.
• PEPTIC ULCER-IS A SORE IN THE
LINING OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT.
• CAUSED BY BACTERIAL INFECTION
OR THE OVERUSE OF ASPIRIN.
• ULCERS CAN CAUSE STOMACH
BLEEDING.
• GALLSTONES-FORM WHEN
CHOLESTEROL IN BILE
CRYSTALLIZES.
• LACTOSE INTOLERANCE RESULTS
FROM AN INABILITY TO DIGEST
LACTOSE, A TYPE OF SUGAR FOUND
IN MILK AND OTHER DAIRY
PRODUCTS.PEOPLE THAT HAVE THIS
DO NOT PRODUCE ENOUGH LASTASE.
• SOY PRODUCTS ARE A GOOD
REPLACEMENT FOR MILK OR DAIRY
PRODUCTS.
• APPENDICITIS-IS INFLAMMATION OF
THE APPENDIX,THE 3-TO4 INCH TUBE
AT THE TIP OF THE LARGE INTESTINE.
• COLITIS-IS THE INFLAMMATION OF
THE LARGE INTESTINES, OR COLON.
• COLON CANCER-IS THE SECOND
LEADING CAUSE OF CANCER DEATH
IN THE UNITED STATES.
• HEMORRHOIDS-ARE VEINS IN THE
RECTUM AND ANUS THAT MAY
BECOME SWOLLEN AND INFLAMMED.
CAN BE CAUSED BY CONSTIPATION.
• CROHON’S DISEASE CAUSES
INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING OF
THE DIGESTIVE TRACT. IMMUNE
SYSTEM PROBLEMS.
• CIRRHOSIS-OR SCARRING OF THE
LIVER TISSUE, IS CAUSED BY
PROLONGED HEAVY ALCOHOL USE.
• CAN LEAD TO LIVER FAILURE AND
MAY CAUSE DEATH.
LESSON 4 THE EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
• STUDENTS WILL LEARN ABOUT HOW
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM REMOVES
WASTES FROM THE BODY.
• BELLRINGER-WHAT PART OF THE
FOODS WE EAT NEED TO BE
REMOVED FROM THE BODY?
HOW EXCRETION WORKS
• THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM USES
SEVERAL ORGANS TO REMOVE ALL
TYPES OF WASTES FROM THE BODY.
• EXCRETION IS THE PROCESS OF
REMOVING WASTES FROM THE BODY.
• SOLIDS
• LIQUIDS
• GASES
THE LUNGS, SKIN,AND LARGE
INTESTINES
• THE LUNGS EXPEL CARBON DIOXIDE
WHEN YOU EXHALE.
• SWEATING IS A FORM OF EXCRETION.
• REGULATES BODY TEMPERATURE.
• SOLID WASTES PRODUCED BY THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ARE ELIMINATED
THROUGH THE LARGE INTESTINES.
• FECES-IS THE UNDIGESTED FOOD
MATERIAL INTO THIS SOLID MASS.
• THE LIVER
• PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, AND REMOVES
CERTAIN TOXINS FROM THE BLOOD.
• THE LIVER DETOXIFIES THE BODY BY
PROCESSING AND EXCRETING INTO
BILE SUCH THINGS AS DRUGS,
ALCOHOL, AND SOME CELLULAR
WASTES PRODUCTS.
THE URINARY SYSTEM
• THE URINARY SYSTEM CONSISTS OF
THE KIDNEYS,BLADDER,URETERS,
AND URETHRA.
• THE MAIN FUNCTION IS TO FILTER
WASTE AND EXTRA FLUID FROM THE
BLOOD.
• URINE-IS LIQUID WASTE MATERIAL
EXCRETED FROM THE BODY.
CONSISTS OF WATER AND BODY
WASTES.
• THE KIDNEYS- ARE BEAN SHAPED
ORGANS ABOUT THE SIZE OF A FIST.
• LOCATED NEAR THE MIDDLE OF THE
BACK,JUST BELOW THE RIB CAGE,
ONE ON EACH SIDE.
• THEY REMOVE WASTE PRODUCTS
FROM THE BLOOD THROUGH TINY
FILTERING UNITS.
• NEPHRONS-THE FUNCTIONAL UNITS
OF THE KIDNEYS.
• KIDNEYS MONITOR AND MAINTAIN
THE BODY’S ACID-BASE AND WATER
BALANCES.
• THE URETERS-FROM THE KIDNEYS,
URINE TRAVELS TO THE BLADDER
THROUGH THE URETERS.
• ARE TUBES THAT CONNECT THE
KIDNEYS TO THE BLADDER.MUSCLES
IN THE URETER WALLS TIGHTEN AND
RELAX TO FORCE URINE DOWN.
• URINE IS PASSED FROM THE
URETERS TO THE BLADDER ABOUT
EVERY 15 SECONDS.
• THE BLADDER AND THE URETHRA
• THE BLADDER IS A HOLLOW
MUSCULAR ORGAN LOCATED IN THE
PELVIC CAVITY. IT STORES 2 CUPS OF
URINE COMFORTABLY FOR 2 TO 5
HRS.
• SPHINTER MUSCLES HELP KEEP THE
URINE FROM LEAKING.
• URETHRA-THE TUBE THAT LEADS
FROM THE BLADDER TO THE OUTSIDE
OF THE BODY.
MAINTAINING YOUR EXCRETORY
HEALTH
• HEALTHFUL BEHAVIORS WILL HELP
KEEP YOUR EXCRETORY SYSTEM
HEALTHY.
• REMOVES WASTES THAT CAN
BECOME TOXIC TO THE BODY.
• THINGS YOU SHOULD DO:
• DRINK AT LEAST 8 GLASSES OF
WATER EACH DAY.
• LIMIT YOUR INTAKE OF CAFFEINE AND
SOFT DRINKS
• WELL BALANCED EATING PLAN
• PRACTICE GOOD HYGIENE
• GET REGULAR MEDICAL CHECK-UPS
EXCRETORY SYSTEM PROBLEMS
• EXCRETORY SYSTEM PROBLEMS
COMMONLY RESULT FROM
INFECTION OR BLOCKAGE.
• 2 COMMON DISORDERS:
• CYSTITIS-IS INFLAMMATION OF THE
BLADDER.
• URTHRITIS-INFLAMMATION OF THE
URETHRA
KIDNEY PROBLEMS
• KIDNEY DISORDERS CAN BE LIFE
THREATENING.
• NEPHRITIS-IS THE INFLAMMATION OF
THE NEPHRONS.
• KIDNEY STONES-FORM WHEN SALTS
IN THE URINE CRYSTALLIZE INTO
SOLID STONES. PAINFUL!!!!
• UREMIA-IS A SERIOUS CONDITION
ASSOCIATED WITH DECREASE BLOOD
• FILTRATION BY THE KIDNEYS.
• THIS LEADS TO AN ABNORMALLY
HIGH LEVELS OF NITROGEN WASTE
PRODUCTS REMAINING IN THE
BLOOD.
• THESE WASTES ARE POSIONOUS TO
BODY CELLS AND CAN CAUSE TISSUE
DAMAGE, OR DEATH,IF ALLOWED TO
ACCUMULATE.
KIDNEY FAILURE
• KIDNEY FAILURE OCCURS WHEN THE
KIDNEYS LOSE THEIR ABILITY TO
FUNCTION. IT CAN BE CAUSED BY
INFECTION, DECREASE IN BLOOD
FLOW, OR DISEASE THAT DAMAGE
KIDNEY TISSUE.
• TREATMENTS:
• HEMODIALYSIS-IS A TECHNIQUE IN WHICH AN
ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY MACHINE REMOVES WASTES
PRODUCTS FROM THE BLOOD.
• A MACHINE FILTERS BLOOD. IT TAKES
ABOUT 3 TO 5 HOURS AND IS DONE 3
OR 4 TIMES A WEEK.
• PERITONEAL DIALYSIS-USES THE
PERITONEUM A THIN MEMBRANE
THAT SURROUNDS THE DIGESTIVE
ORGANS, TO FILTER BLOOD
• KIDNEY TRANSPLANT-IS ANOTHER
TREATMENT OPTION FOR CHRONIC
KIDNEY FAILURE.
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