France
• Louis XIV had a great interest in
the New World
– King Louis was ordained at age 5
and was in power 72 years
– French settle in Quebec (1608)
– Samuel de Champlain teams up
with the Huron Indian Tribes
– Together the French and Huron
defeat the Iroquois
– The French dealt in beaver pelts
– The French stretch from Canada to
Louisiana
N. American Claims in 1700
The Clash of Empires
• King William’s war- 1689-1697
– War of the League of Augsburg
• Queen Anne’s War- 1702-1713)
– War of Spanish Succession
– Treaty of 1713
• Newfoundland, Acadia (Nova Scotia), Hudson Bay
area
• War of Jenkin’s Ear (King George’s War)1744-1748 (War of Austrian succession)
– Capture of Louisburg; treaty of 1748
North America in 1750
France
• France began to set up trading outposts
and forts in the Ohio R. Valley
1754  The First Clash
The
Ohio Valley
British
Fort Necessity
* George Washington
French
Fort Duquesne
* Delaware & Shawnee
Indians
The First Clash
• Unlike the previous 3 French-anglo wars,
the F & I war was the first to be initially
fought on the N. American continent.
• Economic and political security as motives
• Disagreement over ownership of Ohio R.
Valley land started by the colonists
• VA Gov. Dinwiddie sent G. Washington to
warn French settlers to move out
• Fort Necessity- Forced to surrender (7/4)
1755  British Decides to
Eliminate French Presence
in North America
Gen. Edward Braddock  evict the
French from the OH Valley & Canada
(Newfoundland & Nova Scotia)
Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley,
& Acadia.
Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne 
by 1500 French and Indian forces.
Only British Success  expelled France
from Louisiana.
CAJUNS
Fort Duquesne
• Braddock’s defeat and death open up the
frontier and make colonists extremely
susceptible to Indian attack.
• 1756- British invade Canada
– Poor planning and strategy
1754  Albany Plan of
Union
Ben Franklin  representatives from
New England, NY, MD, PA
Albany Congress  failed Iroquois
broke off relations with
Britain & threatened to
trade with the French.
Albany Plan of Union
• 2-pronged plan: Indian allies and colonial
unity vs. France
– Handle colonial military affairs
• Plan ultimately fails
– Depends on who you ask; different reasons
– However, all left with the feeling that there
was a need for union.
1756  War Is Formally
Declared!
Lord
Loudoun
Marquis
de Montcalm
Native American tribes
exploited both sides!
British-American
Colonial Tensions
Colonials
Methods of
Fighting:
British
• Indian-style guerilla • March in formation or
bayonet charge.
tactics.
Military
• Col. militias served
Organization: under own captains.
• British officers wanted to
take charge of colonials.
Military
Discipline:
• No mil. deference or
protocols observed.
• Drills & tough
discipline.
Finances:
• Resistance to rising
taxes.
• Colonists should pay
for their own defense.
Demeanor:
• Casual,
non-professionals.
• Prima Donna British
officers with servants
& tea settings.
1757  William Pitt
Becomes Foreign Minister
He understood colonial concerns.
He offered them a compromise:
- colonial loyalty & military
cooperation-->British would reimburse
colonial assemblies for their costs.
- Lord Loudoun would be removed.
RESULTS?  Colonial morale
increased by 1758.
1758-1761  The Tide
Turns for England
* By 1761, Spain has become an ally of French.
The Tide Turns
• Pitt focuses on Canada and not on the W.
Indies
• Picked young and energetic leaders
• 1758- Louisburg falls (first major victory)
• 1759-Quebec falls (James Wolfe’s night
time raid) the most decisive battle…
– Plains of Abraham: Marquis de Montcalm
• 1760- Montreal
1763  Treaty of Paris
France --> lost her Canadian possessions,
most of her empire in India, and claims
to lands east of the Mississippi River.
Spain --> got all French lands west of
the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but
lost Florida to England.
England --> got all French lands in
Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean
slave trade, and commercial dominance
in India.
North America in 1763
Warm Up
• Where was the first conflict of the F&I
war between the French and British?
• What was George Washington’s role
in this conflict?
• Where did the French settle?
• Who did the Huron side with?
Iroquois?
• How many World Wars have there
been?
Warm Up
• Who won the French and Indian War
and what were some of the results?
• Name three things that happened in
the 1763 Treaty of Paris.
• Who was William Pitt? Name two
things he accomplished.
• Compare and Contrast the Colonial
soldiers to the British soldiers.
• What happened at the Albany
Congress?
Effects of the War
on Britain?
1. It increased her colonial empire in
the Americas.
2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt.
3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials
created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that a
major reorganization of her
American Empire was necessary!
Effects of the War on the
American Colonials
1. It united them against a
common enemy for the first
time.
2. It created a socializing
experience for all the
colonials who participated.
3. It created bitter feelings
towards the British that
would only intensify.
The Aftermath: Tensions
Along the Frontier
1763  Pontiac’s Rebellion
Fort Detroit
British “gifts” of smallpox-infected
blankets from Fort Pitt.
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
BACKLASH!
British  Proclamation
Line of 1763.
Colonials  Couldn’t go west
Rethinking Their Empire
British Gvt. measures to prevent
smuggling:
1761  writs of assistance
 James Otis’ case
 Protection of a citizen’s
private property must be
held in higher regard
than a parliamentary
statute.
 He lost  parliamentary
law and custom had equal
weight.
PM - George
Grenville’s Program,
1763-1765
1. Sugar Act - 1764
2. Currency Act - 1764
3. Quartering Act - 1765
4. Stamp Act - 1765
Details
• Sugar Act- Indirect Tax
– Raise $ for the crown
– Navigation Act Enforcement
• Quartering Act
• Stamp Act
– Raise $ for the British military
– Direct tax; revenue stamps on newspapers, legal
documents, advertisements.
– Direct taxation without representation
• Declaratory Act
– Taxation and laws at any time
Theories of
Representation
Real Whigs
Q-> What was the extent of Parliament’s
authority over the colonies??
Absolute?
OR
Limited?
Q-> How could the colonies give or
withhold consent for parliamentary
legislation when they did not have
representation in that body??
Stamp Act Crisis
Loyal Nine - 1765
Sons of Liberty – began in
NYC:
Samuel
Adams
Stamp Act Congress – 1765
* Pushes for boycott goods
Declaratory Act – 1766 – British Parliament has
absolute rule over the colonies
Townshend Duties
Crisis: 1767-1770
1767  William Pitt, P. M. & Charles
Townshend, Secretary of
the Exchequer.
Shift from paying taxes for Br. war
debts & quartering of troops 
paying col. govt. salaries.
He diverted revenue collection from
internal to external trade.
Tax these imports  paper, paint,
lead, glass, tea.
Increase custom officials at
American ports  established a
Board of Customs in Boston.
Colonial Response to
the Townshend Duties
1. John Dickinson  1768
* Letters from a Farmer in
Pennsylvania.
2. 1768  2nd non-importation
movement:
* “Daughters of Liberty”
* spinning bees
3. Riots against customs agents:
* John Hancock’s ship, the
Liberty.
* 4000 British troops sent
to Boston.