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TRAINING
Seminar
POVERTY – ENVIRONMENT
MAINSTREAMING IN TAJIKISTAN
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Outline of the Seminar
Introduction
P-E Mainstreaming and MDGs
Relevance to Tajikistan
P-E Mainstreaming Process
Responsibilities for P-E Mainstreaming
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INTRODUCTION
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What is Poverty-Environment (P-E)
mainstreaming?
 “The
process of integrating povertyenvironment linkages into policy making,
budgeting and implementation processes at
national, sub-national and sector level. A
multi year, multi-stakeholder effort.”
A
committed process of change in the
culture and practicalities of institution
A
means towards economic growth
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Why is Poverty – Environment (P-E)
Mainstreaming necessary?


Threat of irreversible damage to world
ecosystems and the goods and services
they provide
Economy - Potential to increase economic
revenues. Industries particularly affected

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Affect on country’s net savings

Health – occupational chemical and
household fuels cause up to 80% of
diseases reported to World Health
Organization
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Achievement of MDGs
Agriculture
Energy
Forestry
Fisheries
Tourism
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
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Sustainable Development
Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.
3 Pillars
 Social
 Economic
 Environmental
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Goal
Poverty-environmental linkages
1. Eradicate
extreme poverty
and hunger
• Livelihood strategies and food security of poor households depend
directly on ecosystem health and productivity
• Poor households often have insecure rights to land, water and natural
resources limiting their capability to use environmental resources
sustainably
• Vulnerability to environmental risks such as floods, droughts makes it
hard to get out of poverty
2. Achieve
universal primary
education
3. Promote gender
equality and
empower women
• Environmental degradation contributes to an increased burden on
women and children reducing the time they have available for
education or income-generating activities.
• Including the environment within the primary school curriculum can
influence the behaviour of young people and their parents
• Women often have unequal rights and insecure access to land and
natural resources, limiting their opportunities and ability to access
productive assets.
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
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4. Reduce child
mortality
• Water- and sanitation-related diseases and acute respiratory
infections are two of the leading causes of under-five child mortality.
5. Improve
maternal
health
• Damage to women’s health from indoor air pollution or from
carrying heavy loads of water and fuel wood can make women less fit
for childbirth and at greater risk of complications during pregnancy.
6. Combat HIV/
AIDS, malaria
and major
diseases
• Malaria is exacerbated by deforestation, loss of biodiversity and
poor water management.
7. Ensure
environmental
sustainability
• Integrating principles of sustainable development into country
policies and programmes can reverse the loss of environmental
resources
• Measures to prevent damage to health from environmental causes
are often more cost-effective, than treatment of the resulting illnesses.
• Loss of biodiversity has grave consequences
• Lack of sustainable access to drinking water hinders the capacity of
poor people to pull themselves out of poverty
8. Develop a
global
partnership for
development
• Developing countries have special needs for development
assistance, including increased capacity to adapt to climate change
and to address other environmental challenges, such as water and
waste management.
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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How is P-E mainstreaming
relevant to Tajikistan?
 More
than 70% population live in rural
areas
 Over
2/3 population depend on
agriculture for livelihoods
 More
than 53% live below poverty line
 Only
7% territory suitable for economic
land use
 Lack
of reliable energy supply
 High
vulnerability to natural disasters
 Water
& food insecurity
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
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Poverty-Environment (P-E) Mainstreaming in DDPs
General Assessment of Existing
situation
Entry Point 1-General Assessment of
Current Situation
District/Jamot Vision
Formulation
Situation analysis and Description of
Strategies for Main Sectors (including
project design)
Provision of resources for
development program
implementation
Monitoring and evaluation
system
DDP Stages
Entry Point 2- Objective setting and
Environmental Overview
Entry Point 3- Screening and
Environmental Impact Assessment of
Projects
Entry Point 4-Environmental
Indicators
Key Entry Points for Environmental
Mainstreaming
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Roles & responsibilities
Sector
working
groups
• Submit sector
objectives for
environmental
overview
• Agree
environmental
indicators with
EWG and
monitor them
EWG
• Assessment of
current
situation
• Set
environmental
objectives
• Environmental
overview
• Set and review
indicators
Project
appraisal
committee
• Initial
screening of
district
projects
External
EIA team
• Conduct EIA
of district
projects
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Roles & responsibilities (cont’d)
Committee for
Environmental
Protection
The Oblast
hukumat/MEDT
Sector ministries
National statistics office
Act as a champion to mainstream environment at the
national and decentralized levels
Advocates for development of environmental laws and
acts and ensure their implementation
Ensure that recommendations provided by the
Environmental Group during the DDP elaboration
process have been taken into account before the
DDPs are forwarded to the Majlis of People’s Deputies
for final approval
Create and implement poverty-environmental
objectives and monitor them
Development, refinement of poverty-environment
indicators
Collection of data
Capacity building of data collection
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REVIEW OF
CURRENT SITUATION
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Review of Current Situation
Performed by
DDP Entry Point
Action
Tools
Duration
• Environmental Initiative Group (EIG)
• Review of Current Situation
• Screen existing situation for critical
environmental issues in the concerned district
• Questions checklist
• ½ Day
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Current situation review
 Aim
= Preliminary understanding of
critical poverty-environmental
linkages
 Targeted
and brief
 Part
1 outlines broad environmental
situation
 Part
2 focuses on environmental
assets and impact on sustainable
development
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Part 1 questions
1
What are the main environmental problems in the District, including the main
sources of environment pollution (in the air, water, soil)?
2
What are the key pressures on natural resources (including mining, land
clearing, illegal logging and poaching) and associated impacts (e.g. pollution
from mining, soil erosion, resource depletion, biodiversity losses)?
3
What are the environmental factors affecting migration, health, labour
productivity?
4
What is the environmental quality in human settlements, health and education
facilities: Waste management (including domestic waste) and sanitation; clean
water, air quality (ambient and indoor); exposure to chemicals and heavy
metals; occupational health hazards; water-borne diseases?
+ Question Checklist continued..
Part 1 questions continued
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Are there environmental causes of malnutrition (e.g. poor soils, over-fishing)?
6
What are the key bio-diversity products?
7
What is the degree of availability of forestlands and protected areas in the
District and what is their condition in the recent years (reduction/expansion of
forestlands, preserving the biodiversity etc).
8
What is the current environmental monitoring and control system in the district
and its effectiveness?
Part 2 questions
1
What are the five key environmental assets of the District?
2
How do they contribute to the key sectors (agriculture, industryt, infrastructure)?
3
What is their importance to economic and social development, particularly
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ENVIRONMENTAL
OBJECTIVE SETTING
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Environmental Objective Setting
Performed by
DDP Entry Point
Action
Tools
Duration
• Environmental Initiative Group (EIG)
• Situation analysis
• Devise a set of environmental
objectives for District
• Problem tree, Objective tree, Option
Analysis
• 1 Day
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Effects Possible
theme for Indicators
EFFECTS
Problems  Goals
Focal Problem
CAUSES
Causes 
objectives/activities
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Methods of creating a problem tree
 Brainstorming
(creative/chaotic!)
 Brainstorm
issues around an
unidentified problem
 Identify & agree focal problem
 Sort into causes & effects
 Cluster & create relationships
 Systematic
(methodical)
 Debate
& agree focal problem
 Develop direct causes – ‘but why’
 Develop direct effects ‘so what’
 Create relationships
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
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Defining a problem
A problem is not the
absence of a solution
but….
No pesticides
available
an existing negative
state
Crops infested with
pests
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Damage to
natural
ecosystems
Pollution in
settlement
areas
Unregulated disposal
of effluent and
gaseous emissions
Litter on
streets
Health problems
for local
population
Decline in
biodiversity
Contamination
of water
sources
Industrial units
located in
residential
areas
Toxic exhaust
fumes from
vehicles
Lack of
recycling
facilities
Petty and informal
commercial
activities
Weak
regulation
and
enforcement
Poor
regulation
High numbers
of vehicles on
roads
Limited public
transport network
Poor traffic
management
(So what?)
FOCAL
PROBLEM
Urban pollution (air, water, land)
Inappropriate
disposal of
waste
EFFECTS
Improper
industrial location
Poor urban
water supply
management
CAUSES
(But why?)
Improper land
use planning
Inaccurate
data &
information at
district level
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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GROUP EXERCISE 1
Turn to the back of the
training handbook for details
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
+ Objective tree
Biodiversity
Health of local
population
Levels of
pollution in
settlement
areas
Disposal of effluent
and gaseous
emissions
Litter on
streets
Safe water
sources
Industrial units
located on
industrial sites
Exhaust
emissions
levels
PRINCIPAL
OBJECTIVE
Integrated pollution management
Appropriate
disposal of
waste
Provision of
recycling
facilities
Good
regulation
Increased formal
commercial
activities
Active
regulation
and
enforcement
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
Reduced
numbers of
vehicles on
roads
Functional public
transport network
Improved
traffic
management
Possible
INDICATORS
Theme
Suitable industrial
location
Good land use
planning
Accurate data
& information
at district
level
Improved
urban water
supply
management
Possible
Objectives
JAN 2011
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GROUP EXERCISE 2
Turn to the back of the
training handbook for details
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Use objective
criteria to analyse
which objectives
‘root’ to prioritise
• Degree of fit with higher plans
CRITERIA
• What are others doing?
• Comparative advantage and capacity?
•Alignment with country priorities?
•Risks and assumptions? Who is at
risk?
•Feasibility?
Social
Technical
Institutional
Economic & Financial
Environmental
Integrated urban pollution management
Appropriate
disposal of
waste
Provision of
recycling
facilities
Good
regulation
Increased formal
commercial
activities
Active
regulation
and
enforcement
Reduced
numbers of
vehicles on
roads
Functional public
transport network
Improved
traffic
management
Suitable industrial
location
Good land use
planning
Accurate data
& information
at district
level
Improved
urban water
supply
management
Green = priority
objectives
Red = low priority
objectives
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GROUP EXERCISE 3
Turn to the back of the
training handbook for details
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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ENVIRONMENTAL
OVERVIEW
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Environmental Overview
Performed by
DDP Entry Point
Action
Tools
Duration
• Environmental Initiative Group (EIG)
• Situation analysis
• Review the objectives of other sector working groups
in the District for environmental consequences
• Question checklist
• 1 Day
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Environmental Overview
 Rapid
environmental assessment
tool used in formulation stage of
policies and projects
 Flags
environmental constraints
and opportunities
 Stimulates
additional dialogue
with sectors
 Indicates
any need for additional
environmental screening later on
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
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Environmental Overview checklist
1 What are the environmental conditions that the sector operates in?
2 What are the environmental issues that affect the sector?
3 Do the plan projects/activities address the environmental causes
of major sector specific development problems, as identified by
the EIG?
4 Are the strategies environmentally sound?
5 Are there alternatives that produce better environmental impact
with the same level of effectiveness?
6 Do the proposed sector indicators adequately reflect the
environmental concerns?
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
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The process
DRAFT
• Programme, plan,
project, objectives,
strategy, policy etc..
ENIVIRONMENTAL
OVERVIEW
• Prepared by EIG
REDRAFT
• Including
modifications
suggested in
environmental
overview
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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GROUP EXERCISE 4
Turn to the back of the
training handbook for details
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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ENVIRONMENTAL
INDICATORS
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Environmental Indicators
Performed by
DDP Entry Point
Action
Tools
Duration
• Environmental Initiaitve Group (EIG)
• Monitoring and evaluation system
• 1) Select indicators for environmental
sector 2) propose indicators for other
sectors
• Suggested list of indicators
• ½ Day
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Environmental Indicators
 Measure
progress of a proposal against
environmental objectives
 Essential
at an early stage
 Collaborative
process
show how to measure change from
the current baseline
 Targets
are set to be achieved within a
deadline by a designated party.
 Milestones
measure progress along the way
“If you can’t measure it you can’t manage it!”
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
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How to create indicators
:Write simple indicators.
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Clarify indicators with quantity/quality.
Location specific & disaggregated.
: Consider baseline. Is current situation
known? Can information be gathered? If no,
reject indicator.
: Set milestones and targets
: Check indicators are SMART
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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AGRICULTURE:
• intensity of land use
• % land area at risk of
desertification
HEALTH &
EDUCATION
• Environment in curriculum
• Morbidity rate in environmental
diseases
INFRASTRUCTURE
INDUSTRY
ECONOMY
• % energy from renewable
sources
• Proportion of population with
access to safe water
• Number of companies with
env management plans
• Tourists visiting protected
areas
• Value of environmental
resources
• % territory surface under
protection categories
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
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GROUP EXERCISE 5
Turn to the back of the
training handbook for details
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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ENVIRONMENTAL
SCREENING OF
DISTRICT/JAMOAT
PROJECTS
+ Environmental Screening of District
Projects
Performed by
DDP Entry Point
Action
Tools
Duration
• Sector Working Groups/EIG then District
Development Project Approval Committee & Trust
Fund Committee
• After situation analysis and preparing project
proposals
• Screen District projects for requirement to have EIA
• Environmental screening checklist
• 1 Day
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Environmental Screening of
District Projects
 Initial
screening to decide whether
proposals require an environmental
impact assessment
 Important
to be aware of National
Legislation regarding EIA
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Simple question process
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If yes to any questions an EIA is required
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Even small projects may have significant
environmental impact
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
Would the proposed project result in the conversion or degradation of modified, natural habitat or
critical habitat? Would the proposed project result in the conversion or degradation of modified,
natural habitat or critical habitat?
Will the proposed project adversely impact people and communities, including indigenous peoples,
ability to use, develop and protect natural resources and other natural capital assets?
Will the life-supporting capacities of air, water and soil ecosystems be adversely impacted?
Will the proposed project result in CO2 emissions greater than 100,000 tons per year
(from both direct and indirect sources)?
Would the proposed project result in the generation of solid waste that cannot be recovered,
reused, or disposed of in an environmentally sound manner?
Is there a potential for the release of hazardous materials resulting from their production,
transportation, handling, storage and use for project activities?
Will the proposed project involve pest management activities, including the application
of pesticides?
Would there be any risk of accidents during construction or operation of the project which
could affect human health or the environment?
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ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
(EIA)
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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Performed
by
• Investor / entity responsible for
project proposal elaboration itself
DDP Entry
Point
• After situation analysis and
preparing project proposals
Action
Tools
• Submit proposals after
conducting screening of projects
• EIA
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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What is an EIA?
 Systematic
identification and
evaluation of potential environmental
impact of proposed projects etc..
 Supports
informed decision making
 Conducted
by specialists
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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SHORT
TERM
• Improve environmental design of
project
• Ensure resources used efficiently
• Identify mitigation measures
• Facilitate informed decision making
LONG
TERM
• Protect human health and safety
• Avoid irreversible changes and
serious damage to environment
• Safeguard valued resources,
ecosystems & natural areas
• Enhance social aspects of proposal
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
+ The EIA Process
Proposal identification
Screening
Scoping
Impact analysis
Public involvement
Mitigation measures
Environmental Statement
Review
Decision making
Implementation & follow up
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
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Step 1: Proposal identification
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For every new project a brief must be submitted
including:

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Project description and options to be considered for
meeting the project’s objectives,
Assessment of the local context and how it will add value to
the identified population to be affected,
Financial overview (indicative costing by
components),
Estimated project costs and benefits,
Proposed project financing –
Debt/internal funding,
Impact on jobs and growth,
Environmental impact,
Potential risk and mitigation strategy.
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Step 2: Screening

Aimed to determine the level of EIA required

Screening will have 1 of 4 results
No
environmental
impact
Limited
environmental
impact
Potential
environmental
impact
Significant adverse
environmental
impact
No further level
of EIA required
More limited EIA
required
(preliminary
assessment)
Further study
required to
determine EIA level
Full &
comprehensive EIA
required
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Step 3: Scoping
 Process
of determining major issues and
impacts for EIA
 Identifies:
 Important
issues to be considered
 Appropriate time and space boundaries
 Information necessary for decision making
 Significant effects & factors to be considered
in detail
 May
overlap with Screening process.
 Often
involves stakeholders
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Step 4: Impact Analysis
 Aim
is to take account of all important projects
impacts, making nothing is omitted




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Technical exercise using physical,
biological, socio-economic and
cultural data
Logical and systematic approach
Conducted by specialists
Process begins during screening
and continues through scoping
Predicts size and characteristics of
important impacts
Preferable to predict impacts
quantitatively, ratings often used
Many different methods
available to conduct
impact analysis:
Checklists
Matrices
Networks
Expert systems
Professional judgment
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Step 5: Mitigation measures
 An
Environmental Management Plan
(EMP) is written at this stage
 EMP
translates recommended
mitigation and monitoring measures
into specific actions
 EMP
contains commitments that are
binding to the project and can form
basis of a legal contract
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Step 6: Environmental Statement
A
decision document, necessary for
developers, decision makers and
stakeholders
 Objectives



of EIA statement
To enable the developer to plan, design and
implement mitigation measures & to maximise social
benefits from a proposed project.
For the decision-makers to objectively evaluate the
proposed project.
To provide information to stakeholders for comment
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Step 7: Review
 Aim
is to ensure the completeness and quality of EIA
 Review
 Public
performed by an independent committee
consultation important at this stage
 Any
deficiencies must be addressed before final report
can be submitted
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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Step 8: Decision making
Documents submitted to the Authority and
reviewed by decision making committees
If approved
EIA CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORIZATION
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
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Step 9: Implementation & Review
 Monitoring
process to follow up on implementation of
EIA recommendations performed during construction
and operation phases of project
Objectives:
 Confirm conditions of project approval are
implemented satisfactorily;
 Verify that impacts are within predicted or
permitted limits;
 Take action to manage unanticipated impacts or
other unforeseen changes;
 Ensure environmental benefits are maximized
through good practice
 Learn from experience in order to improve EIA
process and practice.
UNDP/UNEP PE-I PHASE 1 TAJIKISTAN
JAN 2011
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QUESTIONS