Public Speaking
Essentials of
Ethics and
Public Speaking
You
Cheryl Hamilton
5th Edition
Chapter
1
Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D.
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.1
Key Ideas




Benefits of taking Public speaking
The basic types of public speeches
The communication process and the speaker
The public speaker’s ethical obligations
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Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.2
Flashback . . .
Educated Greeks and Romans studied rhetoric
—the art of persuasive public speaking.
Aristotle’s Rhetoric divided speaking into:
• Forensic (speaking in court)
• Deliberative (political or legislative speaking)
• Epideictic (ceremonial speaking)
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Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.3
Benefits of Public Speaking
 Enhances personal development
 Influences your world
 Advances your career
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Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.4
Enhances Personal Development
 Builds personal communication confidence
 Gives you more control over your life
– Helps you construct arguments and present positions
– Develops critical thinking skills
 Makes you a more flexible communicator
 Helps you from feeling manipulated
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Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.5
Influences Your World
 Better prepared for involvement in campus
issues
 Better prepared for involvement in civic
issues
 Better prepared to share information relevant
to a particular position
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Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.6
Advances Your Career:
Example: Engineering
 Electrical engineers spend over 4 hours per
day communicating (Vestal et al. 1996)
 About 50% of all engineers value oral skills
above technical skills (Darling & Daniels, 2003)
 Oral skills ranked second to importance after
problem-solving skills (Evans et al. 1993)
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Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.7
Types of Speeches
 Informative - Focuses on conveying facts
and promoting understanding.
 Persuasive - Seeks to influence choices &
opinions.
 Special occasion - Lends a sense of distinction
to special occasions.
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Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.8
Informative Vs. Persuasive
Informative
 Promote
understanding of a
body of facts
– Performing Heimlich
maneuver
– Effects of stress on the
body
– Growth of YouTube and
Twitter
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Persuasive
 Seek to influence
beliefs, choices or
opinions
– On-campus parking should
be expanded
– Daily exercise is
necessary for health
– City and country libraries
are the surest avenue for
maintaining our demcracy
Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.9
Special Occasion
 Gives sense of distinction to important events
 Examples of special occasions
– Weddings
– Funerals
– Award ceremonies
– Introducing a new student
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Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.10
The Communication Process:
Message
Decoded
Message
Encoded
Stimulus
SPEAKER
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Motivation
LISTENER
Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.11
Frame of Reference




Beliefs
Attitudes
Values
Background (e.g. education, gender, race,
hometown)
 Experiences
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Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.12
Differences in Cultural Values
Americans
Japanese
Arabs
1. Freedom
1. Belonging
1. Family Security
2. Independence
2. Group Harmony
2. Family Harmony
3. Self-Reliance
3. Collectiveness
3. Parental Guidance
4. Equality
4. Age/Seniority
4. Age
5. Individualism
5. Group Consciousness
5. Authority
6. Competition
6. Cooperation
6. Compromise
7. Efficiency
7. Quality
7. Devotion
8. Time
8. Patience
8. Patience
9. Directness
9. Indirectness
9. Indirectness
10. Openness
10. Go-between
10. Hospitality
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.13
The Communication Process:
Message
Decoded
Message
Encoded
Stimulus
Motivation
Code
SPEAKER
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning
LISTENER
Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.14
Communication Codes
 Language (Verbal) - spoken or written words
 Paralanguage (Vocal) - tone, pitch, volume, etc.
 Non-Verbal (Visual) - eye contact, facial
expressions, posture, etc.
Vocal &
Visual Code
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Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
Verbal Code
1.15
The Communication Process:
ENVIRONMENT
External
Noise
Internal
Noise
Internal
Noise
Message
Decoded
Message
Encoded
Stimulus
Motivation
Code
SPEAKER
LISTENER
Feedback
ENVIRONMENT
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Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.16
Speaking of Ethics
 The public’s perceptions of ethical standards
in several professions
 Violations and costs of unethical behavior
 The ethical responsibilities of speakers
 Classroom ethics
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Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.17
The Public’s View of Ethical Standards
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Nurses
83
79
82
84
79
84
83
Druggists, pharmacists
67
72
67
73
67
70
66
Medical doctors
68
67
65
69
63
64
65
Clergy
56
56
54
58
53
56
50
Police officers
59
60
61
54
53
56
63
Accountants
—
—
39
—
—
38
--
Journalists
25
—
28
26
—
25
23
Bankers
35
36
41
37
35
23
19
Lawyers
16
18
18
18
15
18
13
Real estate agents
—
—
20
—
—
17
--
College Professors
59
—
64
58
—
Business executives
18
20
16
18
14
12
12
Stockbrokers
15
—
16
17
12
12
9
Congresspersons
17
20
14
14
Senators
20
--
16
15
--
--
11
Advertising practitioners
12
10
11
11
9
10
11
Car salespeople
7
9
8
7
Insurance salespeople
12
--
--
13
Profession
Table 1.2
Percentage of
people as rating
each profession
as having
“High” or
“Very High”
ethical standards
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Copyright Cengage © 2011
54
9
6
--
--
10
1.18
Costs of unethical behavior
 2007: Dismissal from job
(Marilee Jones Admissions Dean at MIT due to
untrue facts on resume)
 2006: Re-defense of dissertations
(Investigation Ohio University 37 former engineering
graduate students plagiarized portions of theses or
dissertations)
 2007: Dismissal from job (producer of Katie
Couric’s notebook for not giving credit to Wall Street
Journal article for lines quoted in piece)
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Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.19
Exaggeration, Distortion and Plagiarism
 Exaggeration
– Overstating
– Presenting facts as more important than they are
 Distortion – Misrepresenting or twisting facts
– Stating facts are true when only partially true
 Plagiarism
– Using ideas of others without giving credit
– Using material from the Internet without giving credit
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.20
Classroom Ethics
Speaker
Audience
1. Always show up when
scheduled to speak.
2. Show respect by being
prepared.
3. Respect audience opinions
4. Be honest—no plagiarism,
exaggeration, or distortion
of facts or visuals. Cite
sources
5. Limit use of Internet
sources.
6. Carefully research all sides
of topic.
1. Support speaker—no
homework or daydreaming.
2. Be on time; take job as
audience evaluator
seriously.
3. Respect speaker’s
opinions.
4. Be open-minded; don’t take
offense during speeches or
class discussions.
5. Don’t distract speaker in
any way.
6. Give honest, tactful
critiques including strengths
and weaknesses.
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.21
Public Speaking
Essentials of
Ethics and
Public Speaking
You
Cheryl Hamilton
5th Edition
Chapter
1
Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D.
Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning
Chapter 1 – Public Speaking, Ethics & You
1.22