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Chapter Introduction
This chapter will explain a major transformation in
American society after the Civil War ended. It will
focus on how America became industrialized, how big
business made the nation an economic powerhouse,
and finally how workers organized to protect their
rights.
• Section 1: Technology and Industrial Growth
• Section 2: The Rise of Big Business
• Section 3: The Organized Labor Movement
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History Snapshot:
The Triumph of Industry (1865–1914)
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1
Hip Hop History:
The Triumph of Industry (1865–1914)
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1
Chapter Summary
Section 1: Technology and Industrial Growth
• American industrialization after the end of the Civil War
brought about major changes in business and people’s
daily lives. Railroads, business leaders, and new
inventions shaped this period of economic growth.
Section 2: The Rise of Big Business
• Industrial growth led to changes in business and society.
Corporations developed and wielded enormous power
over politics and people’s lives.
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Chapter Summary
(continued)
Section 3: The Organized Labor Movement
• The American economy needed millions of workers to
drive its success. As tensions arose between business
owners and workers seeking better pay and safer
conditions, organized labor unions developed.
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Channel Awesome:
The Triumph of Industry (1865–1914)
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Chapter
Chapter Introduction
Section
1
Chapter Review:
The Triumph of Industry (1865–1914)
QuickTake Test
Know It, Show It Test
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Chapter Introduction
Section
1
Objectives
•
Analyze the factors that led to the
industrialization of the United States in the
late 1800s.
•
Explain how new inventions and innovations
changed Americans’ lives.
•
Describe the impact of industrialization in the
late 1800s.
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Terms and People
•
entrepreneur – people who invest money in a product or
enterprise in order to make a profit
•
protective tariff – taxes that would make imported goods
cost more than those made locally
•
laissez faire – a policy which allowed businesses to
operate under minimal government regulation
•
patent – a grant by the federal government giving an
inventor the exclusive right to develop, use, and sell an
invention for a set period of time
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Terms and People (continued)
•
Thomas Edison – an inventor and creative genius
who received more than 1,000 patents for new
inventions
•
Bessemer process – a process for purifying iron
resulting in strong, but lightweight, steel
•
suspension bridge – bridges in which the
roadway is suspended by steel cables
•
time zone – twenty-four zones around the world,
one for each hour of the day
•
mass production – systems that depended on
machinery to turn out large numbers of products
quickly and inexpensively
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How did industrialization and new
technology affect the economy and society?
America began a major transformation after the end of
the Civil War marked by expanding business and
industrialization.
This “second industrial revolution,” led by scientists and
inventors, improved people’s daily lives.
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1
Several factors led to increased industrial
growth during the Civil War. This laid the
groundwork for postwar prosperity.
• Factories used new tools and methods to
produce supplies in big numbers.
• Railroads expanded across the nation.
• The government encouraged immigration.
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A great many
immigrants to the
United States were
pushed from their
homelands by
•
•
•
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political upheaval
at home
religious
discrimination
crop failures
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1
The American system of capitalism is one in
which individuals own most businesses. These
entrepreneurs invest money in products in order
to make profits.
Entrepreneurs fueled industrialization in the
late 1800s.
They benefited from laissez-faire policies,
which allowed businesses to work under
minimal government regulation.
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Major Inventions of the 1800s
Inventor
Major invention
Year
Samuel Morse
Telegraph
1844
Elias Howe
Sewing machine
1846
Elisha Otis
Safety elevator
1852
Thomas Edison Light bulb
1880
Granville
Woods
1884
Steam boiler
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Thomas Edison was the most
prolific inventor of the era.
He and his team of workers
developed the light bulb, the
phonograph, the motion picture
camera, and hundreds of new
products.
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Daily life changed dramatically as a result of new
technologies.
Morse’s telegraph gave rise to a communications
revolution. The telephone debuted in 1876,
the wireless telegraph in 1896.
The Bessemer process, which purified iron
to create steel, changed construction. Steel
made skyscrapers and suspension bridges
possible.
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Railroads
expanded.
This led to the
physical and
economic growth
of cities.
Chicago, Atlanta,
and Pittsburgh
became important
hubs.
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Railroads Changed America
They
encouraged
innovation.
They led to
the growth of
industry.
Air brakes were invented in 1869.
• Refrigerated cars were invented to
transport food.
• Time zones were set.
•
Businesses obtained raw materials
easily.
• They sold products to people far
away.
•
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America exported grain, steel, and
textiles in huge amounts and became
a world economic power.
Mechanization of
farming meant fewer
farmers were needed
to produce food.
Many Americans
moved to cities to
find work.
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People began
to raise
concerns about
the impact of
industrialization
on the
environment.
In response,
Congress set aside
protected lands.
Yellowstone Park
was created in
1872.
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Know It, Show It Quiz
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Objectives
• Analyze different methods that businesses
used to increase their profits.
• Describe the public debate over the impact
of big business.
• Explain how the government took steps to
block abuses of corporate power.
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Terms and People
•
corporation – a form of group ownership in which a
number of people share the ownership of a business
•
monopoly – complete control of a product or service
•
cartel – an arrangement in which businesses making the
same product agree to limit production to keep prices high
•
John D. Rockefeller – an oil tycoon who made deals with
railroads to increase his profits
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Terms and People (continued)
•
horizontal integration – a system of
consolidating many firms in the same business to
lower production costs
•
trust – a situation in which companies assign their
stock to a board of trustees, who combine them
into a new organization
•
Andrew Carnegie – a steel tycoon who used
vertical integration to increase his power
•
vertical integration – the practice of gaining
control of many different businesses that make up
all phases of a product’s development
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Terms and People (continued)
•
Social Darwinism – an application of Charles
Darwin’s work which held that wealth was a
measure of one’s inherent value and those who
had it were the most “fit”
•
ICC – the Interstate Commerce Commission, a
government body set up to oversee railroad
operations
•
Sherman Antitrust Act – a bill passed in 1890
which outlawed any trust that operated “in
restraint of trade or commerce among the several
states”
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How did big business shape the American
economy in the late 1800s and early 1900s?
The growth of big business in the late 1800s changed
American society.
The rise of business empires turned the United States
into an economically powerful nation.
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Industrialization changed how businesses
were run.
• Business leaders combined funds and resources.
• Investors formed corporations that protected them from
losing more than original investment.
• A corporation could operate in different regions.
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Corporations worked to
maximize profits by
Standard Oil Factory
•
paying workers
low wages
•
paying lower prices
for raw materials
•
supporting
research labs
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Corporations used strategies to eliminate
competition and decrease costs.
•
•
monopolies
cartels
•
•
horizontal integration
vertical integration
Competitors forced out
of business
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Better control of
production and
costs reduced
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Tycoons of the Late 1800s
Business leader
Industry
John D. Rockefeller
Oil
Andrew Carnegie
Steel
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Railroads
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Were the
tycoons
“robber
barons” who
swindled the
poor and
drove small
businesses
under…
or “captains
of industry”
who served
the nation
and made
prices of
goods
cheaper?
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Big Business Is Bad for Small Businesses?
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Or Is Big Business Good for the Nation?
provides jobs
allows for product innovations
financially supports universities,
libraries, and museums
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Survival of the Fittest
Charles Darwin’s idea of evolution of species
applied to American capitalism
led to the idea of Social Darwinism
This is the belief that wealth was a
measure of a person’s value and
those who had wealth were the most “fit.”
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Social Darwinists
believed
government
should stay out
of private
business and
thought it was
wrong to use
public funds to
assist the poor.
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Americans who
worried about
the methods of
industrialists
called for
federal
regulation of
business
practices.
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1
The ICC and the Sherman Antitrust Act
began a trend toward government limits on
corporate power.
ICC
• Interstate
Commerce Commission
• Oversaw railroad operations
Sherman
Antitrust
Act
• Passed
by the Senate in 1890
• Outlawed trusts that restrained
trade among several states
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Know It, Show It Quiz
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Chapter Introduction
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1
Objectives
•
Assess the problems that workers faced in
the late 1800s.
•
Compare the goals and strategies of different
labor organizations.
•
Analyze the causes and effects of strikes.
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1
Terms and People
•
sweatshop – small, hot, dark, and dirty workhouses
•
company town – communities near workplaces where
housing was owned by the business and rented out to
employees
•
collective bargaining – negotiating as a group for higher
wages or better working conditions
•
socialism – an economic and political philosophy that
favors public, instead of private, control of property and
income
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Terms and People (continued)
•
Knights of Labor – a labor union that included
workers of any trade, skilled or unskilled
•
Terence V. Powderly – the leader of the Knights
of Labor beginning in 1881 who encouraged
boycotts and negotiations with employers
•
Samuel Gompers – a poor English immigrant
who formed the AFL, a skilled workers union, in
1886
•
AFL – American Federation of Labor, a loose
organization of skilled workers from many unions
devoted to specific crafts or trades
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Terms and People (continued)
•
Haymarket Riot – a labor protest in Chicago in
1886 that ended in dozens of deaths when
someone threw a bomb
•
Homestead Strike – an 1892 Pennsylvania
steelworkers’ strike that resulted in violence
between company police and strikers
•
Eugene V. Debs – leader of the American
Railway Union who eventually became a Socialist
•
Pullman Strike – a nationwide strike in 1894 of
rail workers that halted railroads and mail
delivery
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How did the rise of labor unions shape
relations among workers, big business, and
government?
The booming American economy relied on workers,
who began to rebel against low pay and unsafe
working conditions.
Struggles between business owners and workers
intensified.
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Industrial workers faced hardships.
• Factory owners employed people who
would work for low wages. Many of these
people were immigrants.
• They often labored in dangerous
sweatshops.
• Laborers often had to live in company
towns and buy goods at high interest at
company stores.
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Labor unions formed.
Workers tried collective
bargaining to gain more
power against
employers. One form
was the strike, in which
workers stop work until
their demands are met.
Child laborers in 1890
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Labor Unions of the Late 1800s
Labor Union
Industry and Activity
•
Knights of Labor
•
American
Federation of
Labor (AFL)
American Railway
Union (ARU)
•
•
•
•
included all workers
from any trade
devoted to broad social reform
included skilled workers
focused on specific worker
issues
included rail workers
conducted the Pullman Strike
of 1894
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A movement called socialism spread through Europe in
the 1830s.
It held that wealth should be distributed equally to
everyone.
Most Americans rejected socialism, but some
labor activists borrowed ideas from it to
support social reform.
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As membership in
unions grew in the
1870s, a wave of
confrontations
between labor and
management
rocked the country.
A major strike of
railroad workers in
1877 resulted in the
federal government
sending in troops to
restore order.
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Across the nation, workers mounted demonstrations for
more rights. One such protest in Chicago turned violent.
The 1886
Haymarket
Riot made
many Americans
wary of labor
unions.
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Yet another conflict broke out with the Homestead
Strike. Troops were called in to quell fighting between
workers and Carnegie Steel.
One year later, the Pullman Palace Car Company laid off
rail workers and cut wages.
This touched off the Pullman Strike, which halted
nationwide railroad traffic and mail delivery.
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The government ordered strike organizers, led by
Eugene V. Debs, to end the strike.
He refused and was sent to jail. Troops were called
in to end the strike.
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Effects on the Labor Movement
•
Employers successfully appealed for
court orders against unions.
•
Contract disputes and strikes continued
to occur as American industry grew.
•
The labor movement split into different
factions. Debs helped organize the
American Socialist Party and the IWW.
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Know It, Show It Quiz
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Chapter Introduction
This chapter will show how life changed in America as
a result of immigration and urbanization. It will focus
on the experiences of new immigrants, how cities grew
in response to industrialization, and the social and
cultural changes this shift brought about.
• Section 1: The New Immigrants
• Section 2: Cities Expand and Change
• Section 3: Social and Cultural Trends
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History Snapshot
Immigration and Urbanization (1865−1914)
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Hip Hop History
Immigration and Urbanization (1865−1914)
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Chapter Summary
Section 1: The New Immigrants
The foreign-born population of the U.S. nearly doubled
between 1870 and 1900. Push and pull factors led “new
immigrants” to America. These immigrants adapted to
American life and faced prejudice and discrimination.
Section 2: Cities Expand and Change
Industrialization led to the rapid growth of American cities as
people moved off farms and into urban areas to get jobs.
Living conditions were not always ideal, but city dwellers
enjoyed innovations such as skyscrapers and mass transit.
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Chapter Summary (continued)
Section 3: Social and Cultural Trends
The Gilded Age brought improved education and consumerism
to the masses. As people from all classes enjoyed new
products, entertainments, and improvements to their
standard of living, a shared mass culture developed.
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Channel Awesome
Immigration and Urbanization (1865–1914)
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Chapter Review
Immigration and Urbanization (1865–1914)
QuickTake Test
Know It, Show It Test
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Chapter
Chapter Introduction
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1
Objectives
•
Compare the “new immigration” of the late
1800s to earlier immigration.
•
Explain the push and pull factors leading
immigrants to America.
•
Describe the challenges that immigrants faced in
traveling to America.
•
Analyze how immigrants adapted to American life
while trying to maintain familiar cultural
practices.
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Terms and People
•
“new” immigrant – Southern and Eastern
European immigrant who arrived in the United
States in a great wave between 1880 and 1920
•
steerage – third-class accommodations on a
steamship, which were usually overcrowded and
dirty
•
Ellis Island – island in New York Harbor that
served as an immigration station for millions of
immigrants arriving to the United States
•
Angel Island – immigrant processing station that
opened in San Francisco Bay in 1910
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Terms and People (continued)
•
Americanization – belief that assimilating
immigrants into American society would make them
more loyal citizens
•
“melting pot” – society in which people of
different nationalities assimilate to form one culture
•
nativism – belief that native-born white Americans
are superior to newcomers
•
Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882 law that prohibited
immigration by Chinese laborers
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Why did immigrants come to the
United States, and what impact did
they have upon society?
Immigrants came to the U.S. for religious
and political freedom, for economic
opportunities, and to escape wars.
Immigrants adopted parts of American
culture, and Americans adopted parts of
immigrant cultures.
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The foreign-born population of the U.S.
nearly doubled between 1870 and 1900.
• In the 1840s and 1950s, German and Irish
Catholics had immigrated to the United States.
• Despite differences, their children were often
able to blend into American society.
• But starting in 1870, some people feared ”new”
immigrants would destroy American culture.
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Old Immigrants and “New” Immigrants
Old
Immigrants
(pre-1870s)
“New”
Immigrants
(post-1870s)
•
Were mainly Protestants from
Northern and Western Europe
•
Came as families to settle on farms
with family members or friends
•
Had money, a skill or trade, or an
education
•
Were mainly Catholics or Jews from
Southern and Eastern Europe
•
Sometimes came alone, usually to
settle in cities
•
Were often poor and unskilled
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Immigrants to the
United States from
Southern and
Eastern Europe
made up 70 percent
of all immigrants
after 1900, up from
1 percent at
midcentury.
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Push factors for immigration are those that push
people from their homes, while pull factors are
those that attract them to a new place.
Push Factors
Pull Factors
Farmers were pressured by
land reform and low prices.
The U.S. offered plentiful land,
employment, and opportunity.
Revolution and war
disrupted economies and
left political refugees.
Many “chain immigrants”
already had family in the U.S.
Religious persecution forced
many to flee violence.
Immigrants could find
religious and political freedom
in America.
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Coming to America was often a tough decision.
Immigrants usually brought only what they could
carry and traveled by steamship in steerage.
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When the immigrants arrived after their long
journeys, they were processed at stations
such as Ellis Island in New York Harbor.
There, officers conducted legal and
medical inspections. Only 2 percent
were denied entry into the U.S.
Chinese and other Asian immigrants crossing the
Pacific were processed at Angel Island in San
Francisco Bay. Many Chinese were turned away.
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1
Some Chinese
immigrants were
detained at Angel
Island for weeks
or months in poor
conditions.
They waited to
see if they would
be allowed to
stay in the U.S.
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Once in America,
immigrants had to
find a home and
work. They also
had to learn
English and new
customs.
Many stayed in cities
and took jobs in
factories. They lived
in ethnic
neighborhoods
called ghettoes.
Large cities such as New York and Chicago
had huge immigrant populations by 1890.
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Immigrants had some help coping with
their new surroundings.
• Settlement houses ran Americanization
programs to help recent immigrants learn English
and adopt American dress and diet.
• Immigrants formed fraternal associations – based
on ethnic or religious identity – which provided
social services and financial assistance.
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Many believed that
American society
was a “melting
pot” where white
people of different
nationalities
blended to create a
single culture.
This model excluded
Asian immigrants,
who became targets
of social and legal
discrimination.
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Despite the hopes of settlement workers,
immigrants often held on to their traditions.
They established
their own fraternal
lodges, schools, and
religious institutions
such as churches.
Immigrants’ children,
however, became
more Americanized.
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Immigrants often dealt
with nativism and
hostility from nativeborn white Americans.
Religious differences and
competition for jobs and
housing led to divisions
and prejudices.
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In 1882, Congress started to restrict
immigration to the United States.
• The Chinese Exclusion Act prohibited
immigration by Chinese laborers, limited the rights
of Chinese immigrants in the U.S., and forbade the
naturalization of Chinese residents.
• Congress passed another law that prohibited the
immigration of anyone who was a criminal,
immoral, a pauper, or likely to need public
assistance.
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Immigrants transformed American society.
• They fueled industrial growth.
• They helped build the railroads and worked in
factories, mills, and mines.
• Their traditions became part of American culture.
• Increasingly, they became active in labor unions
and politics, and they demanded reforms.
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Know It, Show It Quiz
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1
Objectives
• Analyze the causes of urban growth in the late
1800s.
• Explain how technology improved city life.
• Evaluate how city dwellers solved the problems
caused by rapid urban growth.
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Terms and People
•
urbanization – expansion of cities accompanied
by an increase in the number of people living in
them
•
rural-to-urban migrant – a person who moves
from an agricultural area to a city
•
skyscraper – very tall building built with modern
materials like steel
•
Elisha Otis – developer of a safety elevator that
made skyscrapers more practical
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Terms and People (continued)
•
mass transit – public transportation systems
that carry large numbers of people
•
suburb – residential area surrounding a city
•
Frederick Law Olmsted – a landscape engineer
who designed Central Park in New York City, and
parks in other major U.S. cities
•
tenement – multistory building divided into
apartments to squeeze in as many families as
possible
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What challenges did city dwellers
face, and how did they meet them?
City dwellers faced the noise, dirt, and crime of
the cities, the hardships of factory work, and the
overcrowded, dangerous conditions of tenements.
Governments and city planners tried to alleviate
dangerous conditions and make cities better, safer
places to live.
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In 1860, most Americans lived in rural areas,
with only 16 percent living in towns or cities
with a population of at least 8,000.
By 1900, 32 percent
– or 15 million
Americans – lived in
cities with
populations of more
than 50,000.
This period was the
beginning of an
upsurge in American
urbanization that
brought changes to
the country.
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America’s major cities were manufacturing and
transportation centers connected by railway lines.
The cities were
clustered in the
Northeast, on the
Pacific Coast, and
along the
waterways of the
Midwest.
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Life was hard in the cities, but most
people preferred them to the country.
• Workers’ children could attend city schools.
• Churches, theaters, social clubs, and museums
offered companionship and entertainment.
• Most city workers were able to enjoy a higher
standard of living, and some moved into the
growing middle class.
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Many rural-to-urban migrants
moved to cities in the 1890s.
•
They were attracted by land and
economic opportunities.
•
The majority of African Americans
stayed in southern cities.
•
But African American migrants to
northern and western cities paved the
way for a much larger migration after
World War I.
Immigrants,
Farmers, and
Migrants from • It was hard for farmers to work on rigid
schedules in crowded factories, but
the Rural West
factories paid wages in cash.
African
Americans
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As cities swelled in size, American
innovators developed new technologies
to improve living conditions.
Technology
Description
skyscrapers
They were steel-frame buildings
10 stories or taller, built
because there was no room left
on the ground to expand.
safety
elevators
Invented by Elisha Otis, they
made taller buildings practical.
central
heating
systems
Made to carry heat to all parts
of a building.
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Mass transit reshaped the nation’s cities.
• In 1888, Richmond, Virginia started using
streetcars powered by overhead electric cables.
• Within a decade, every major city followed.
• Electric streetcars were quieter, cleaner, and
more efficient than coal-driven commuter trains
or horse-drawn trolleys.
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Traffic congestion
often kept streetcars
from running on
schedule.
In 1897, Boston
solved this problem by
building the nation’s
first subway system,
and New York City
followed suit in 1904.
Mass transit made it possible for middle- and
upper-class people to move to the suburbs.
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As cities grew, planners began to use zoning
to designate certain parts of the city for
certain functions.
Cities set aside space
for heavy industry,
financial institutions,
homes, and public
spaces such as
libraries and
government
buildings.
But parks were also
important in cities,
and Frederick Law
Olmsted designed
many well-known
ones, such as New
York City’s Central
Park.
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Many
neighborhoods
became
overcrowded.
Some poor workers lived in tenements, which
usually were unhealthy and dangerous because they
had few windows and little sanitation.
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At this time, cities had filthy, unpaved
streets and sanitation problems,
conditions perfect for breeding epidemics.
• To solve these problems, governments and city
planners tried to regulate housing, sanitation,
sewers, and public health.
• They began to take water from clean reservoirs
and to use water filtration systems.
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Cities responded to the threats
of fire and crime with
professional fire fighting teams,
uniformed city police forces,
and new electric streetlights.
However, the police were
unable to overcome the
challenge of conflicts between
different racial groups, classes,
and neighborhoods.
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Know It, Show It Quiz
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Chapter
Chapter Introduction
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1
Objectives
• Explain how new types of stores and
marketing changed American life.
• Analyze the ways in which Americans
developed a mass culture.
• Describe the new forms of popular
entertainment in the late 1800s.
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Terms and People
•
Mark Twain – a satirical novelist who wrote
about American life in the late 1800s
•
Gilded Age – term coined by Mark Twain to
describe the post-Reconstruction era which was
characterized by a façade of prosperity
•
conspicuous consumerism – purchasing of
goods and services to impress others
•
mass culture – similar consumption patterns as
a result of the spread of transportation,
communication, and advertising
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Terms and People (continued)
•
Joseph Pulitzer – an immigrant who became a
publisher of sensationalistic newspapers
•
William Randolph Hearst – a competitor of
Pulitzer’s who also published sensationalistic
newspapers
•
Horatio Alger – a novelist who wrote about
characters who succeeded through hard work
•
vaudeville – type of show, including dancing,
singing, and comedy sketches, that became
popular in the late 19th century
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1
What luxuries did cities offer to the
middle class?
During the last part of the 19th century, a new
middle class lifestyle gained popularity and
influence in America.
Though some disliked the values of this era,
the shared American culture created then
would persist for the next century.
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In his 1873 novel, The
Gilded Age, novelist Mark
Twain satirically depicted
American society as gilded,
or having a rotten core
covered with gold paint.
Most Americans were not
as cynical, but Twain’s
label stuck, and historians
call the late 19th century
the Gilded Age.
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Industrialization and urbanization changed
the lives of American workers, as more
people began to work for wages rather than
for themselves on farms.
More people had
more money, and
more products were
available.
For many, this led to
a culture of
conspicuous
consumerism.
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By the 1870s, many big cities had department stores,
which turned shopping into a form of entertainment for
middle-class men and women.
Department stores
attracted customers
with wide-spread
advertising and a
variety of highquality goods at fair
prices.
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People began to
measure success
by what they could
buy, and they
equated
purchasing power
with a higher
standard of living.
In this period, the
cost of living
decreased because
manufactured
products and new
technology cost less.
Better sanitation and medical care
contributed to a longer life expectancy.
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Change in the Gilded Age
Changes for Women
Changes for Men
Store bought clothing,
prepackaged foods, and
indoor plumbing made
some tasks easier.
Public transportation allowed
families to live farther
from the cities.
Rising expectations of
cleanliness and more
complicated meals made
some tasks harder.
Men often had to commute
long distances to work.
Many women had to work
outside the home to achieve
a middle-class lifestyle.
Men worked hard, but the
American culture taught that
hard work would pay off.
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One of the effects of the spread of
transportation, communication, and
advertising was that Americans became
more alike in their consumption patterns.
• Rich and poor wore the same clothing styles.
• People bought the same kinds of products.
• This phenomenon is known as mass culture.
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The newspapers of the Gilded Age both
reflected and helped create mass culture.
Between 1870 and
1900, the number
of newspapers
increased from
about 600 to more
than 1,600.
Ethnic and specialinterest publishers
catered to the array
of urban dwellers,
especially immigrants.
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Joseph
Pulitzer
believed that
the job of a
newspaper was
to inform people
and to stir up
controversy. His
papers were
sensationalistic.
The
sensationalistic
newspapers of
William
Randolph
Hearst
competed with
Pulitzer’s papers
for readers.
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During the Gilded Age, literature and art
that explored harsh realities was popular.
• Stephen Crane wrote about New York slums.
• Horatio Alger wrote about characters who
succeeded through hard work.
• Robert Henri and others developed a style of
painting known as the Ashcan School, which
depicted the squalor of New York slums.
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Public education expanded rapidly, as grade-school
education became compulsory, more teenagers began
attending high schools, and kindergartens opened.
As a result, the
literacy rate
climbed to nearly
90 percent by
1900.
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Schools began to do a better job of
preparing people for careers.
• Schools taught skills that workers needed in
budding industries.
• Teachers attended training schools, and
reformers such as John Dewey introduced new
teaching methods.
• Universities began to provide specialized
training for urban careers such as social work.
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Education for All
Immigrants
• Schools taught immigrants English and
helped Americanize them.
• A few careers were open to women.
Women
African
Americans
• There was an upsurge in women’s
colleges, and many state universities
began to accept women.
• Limited access to white institutions led
to a growth in schools and colleges for
African Americans.
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During the Gilded Age, new kinds of
entertainment emerged.
Amusement
Parks
Outdoor
Events
Fun in
the City
• Coney Island and similar parks offered roller
coasters and other rides.
• Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show toured America.
• Chautauquas offered storytelling, bands, singers,
and lectures on politics and morals.
• Vaudeville shows were a mixture of musical
drama, songs, and comedy.
• Nickelodeons introduced motion pictures.
• Ragtime bands played in music halls.
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Baseball, America’s national sport,
became extremely popular during
the Gilded Age, although after
1887 it was segregated.
Horse and bicycle racing, boxing,
football, and basketball also
became popular spectator sports.
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
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Chapter Introduction
This chapter will discuss how the society, culture, and
economy of the South and West changed after the Civil
War. It will focus on life in the New South after the end
of Reconstruction, how new settlers in the West affected
American Indians, and how the West was transformed.
•
Section 1: The New South
•
Section 2: Westward Expansion
and the American Indians
•
Section 3: Transforming the West
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1
History Snapshot:
The South and West Transformed (1865–1900)
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1
Hip Hop History:
The South and West Transformed (1865–1900)
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Chapter Summary
Section 1: The New South
• After Reconstruction ended, the South remained mostly
agricultural and poor despite some industrial successes. The
region fell behind because it lacked capital investment and
an educated labor force. Black southerners made gains and
experienced white backlash.
Section 2: Westward Expansion and
the American Indians
• White settlers moved in great numbers to land west of the
Mississippi after the Civil War, putting pressure on Native
Americans living there. Rebellion by American Indians led to
tragedy, as many lost their lives trying to preserve their
land.
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Chapter Summary (continued)
Section 3: Transforming the West
• The West changed greatly after the Civil War. Miners came
first, followed by settlers and cattle ranchers. The
transcontinental railroad linked East and West, and white
settlement closed the frontier by 1900.
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Channel Awesome
The South and West Transformed (1865–1900)
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Chapter Review
The South and West Transformed (1865–1900)
QuickTake Test
Know It, Show It Test
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1
Objectives
•
Explain how the southern economy changed
in the late 1800s.
•
Analyze how southern farmers consolidated
their political power.
•
Describe the experience of African Americans
in the changing South.
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Terms and People
cash crop – crop such as cotton and tobacco that is
grown not for its own use but to be sold for cash
• Farmers’ Alliance – network of farmers’ organizations
that worked for political and economic reforms in the late
1800s
• Civil Rights Act of 1875 – law that banned discrimination
in public facilities and transportation
•
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How did the southern economy and society
change after the Civil War?
In the postwar years, railroads crisscrossed the
South and industries grew.
Yet challenges remained—for the South’s economy
and for its people.
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In the years following the Civil War, southern
leaders hoped to build a “New South.”
They worked to modernize the economy by:
•
supporting industries
•
diversifying agriculture
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Textile factories and lumber mills sprang up.
So did iron, coal, and steel processing plants.
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Railroad construction boomed.
New rail lines
connected urban
hubs with rural
areas, cities
with towns.
Railroads moved
people and products.
• Cities grew.
•
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Yet economic
expansion in the
South lagged
behind the rest of
the country.
•
War damage was
extensive.
•
The South lacked a
well-trained labor force,
and wages were low.
•
A lack of capital led
to a dependence on
northern bankers.
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Life was especially difficult for southern
farmers.
Despite efforts to
diversify, most
farmers still depended
on cash crops.
The price of cotton—
their main crop—
plummeted
after the war.
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Along with falling
prices, cotton farmers
faced another
disaster.
Boll weevils wiped out
entire crops.
For many farmers, it
was a struggle just to
survive.
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Faced with serious problems, farmers joined
together to form the Farmers’ Alliance.
•
Worked to negotiate better prices on
supplies, freight charges, and loan rates
•
Connected farmers in the South and West
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Black southerners made important political and
economic advances in the postwar years.
Most important, they
gained:
•
the right to vote
•
access to education
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In time, however, many of the gains
were reversed.
•
Groups such as the Ku Klux Klan
terrorized African Americans.
•
Newfound freedoms were
stripped away.
•
Segregation was enforced.
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The Civil
Rights Act of
1875 banned
discrimination
in public
facilities and
transportation.
The Supreme
Court, however,
ruled in a series
of cases decided
in 1883 that such
decisions were
local issues.
Southern towns and cities used the ruling to
further limit the rights of African Americans.
The
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Know It, Show It Quiz
The
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Chapter
Chapter Introduction
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1
Objectives
•
Compare the ways Native Americans and
white settlers viewed and used the land.
•
Describe the conflicts between white settlers
and Indians.
•
Evaluate the impact of the Indian Wars.
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Terms and People
•
reservation – specific area set aside by the federal
government for the Indians’ use
•
Sand Creek Massacre – 1864 incident in which
Colorado militia killed a camp of unarmed Cheyenne and
Arapaho Indians
•
Sitting Bull – Sioux chief respected as a fighter and
spiritual leader
•
Battle of the Little Big Horn – 1876 battle in which the
Sioux defeated U.S. troops led by Colonel George
Custer
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Terms and People (continued)
•
Chief Joseph – leader of the Nez Percés who
surrendered after trying to lead a group of Indian
refugees to Canada
•
Wounded Knee – 1890 confrontation between U.S.
cavalry and the Sioux that marked the end of Indian
resistance in the Ghost Dance War
•
assimilate – to adopt the culture and civilization of the
dominant group in a society
•
Dawes General Allotment Act – 1887 law that divided
reservation land into private family plots
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How did the pressures of westward
expansion impact Native Americans?
As American settlers continued to push west, they
increasingly came into conflict with Native Americans.
Such conflict often led to violence, with tragic results.
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After the Civil War, about 250,000 Indians
lived in the lands west of the Mississippi.
Native
Americans
came from
many diverse
cultures.
•
Had different belief systems
•
Spoke different languages
•
Lived in different types of
houses
•
Ate different foods
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The diverse Indian peoples, however, shared a
common view toward nature—a view that conflicted
with that of many white Americans.
Native
Americans saw
themselves
as part of
nature and
viewed nature
as sacred.
Many white
Americans
viewed the
land as a
resource to
produce
wealth.
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During the 1800s, the government carried out
a policy of moving Indians out of the way of
white settlers.
At first, Indians in the East
were moved west, into the
Indian Territory of the Plains.
As frontier settlers continued
pushing west, however, this
plan changed.
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Indians were
forced into
reservations,
no longer free to
roam the Plains.
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Two other crises also threatened
Native American civilizations.
Settlers introduced
diseases to which Indians
had no immunity.
Disease
Loss of the buffalo
Settlers slaughtered
buffalo herds.
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Some Native Americans fought to defend
their lands.
But attacks and
retaliation led to
distrust—and to
tragedy.
The Sand Creek
Massacre saw an
unarmed camp of
Indians under the U.S.
Army protection killed
by Colorado militia.
Promises were made and peace treaties were
signed, but they often were broken.
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Frustration turned to violence as the government
moved to crush Indian resistance.
•
The Red River War led to
the defeat of the Southern
Plains Indians.
•
The Sioux were victorious
at the Battle of the
Little Bighorn.
•
Chief Joseph and the
Nez Percés surrendered
after attempting to retreat
to Canada.
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As their way of life slipped away, some Indians turned to
a religious revival based on the Ghost Dance.
The ritual preached that white settlers would be banished
and the buffalo would return.
Fearful of insurrection, government officials
tried to ban the practice.
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In an effort to end the Ghost Dance, the government
attempted to arrest Sitting Bull.
However, he was killed in a
confrontation with U.S. troops.
More than 100 Indians who fled
were killed at Wounded Knee.
The Indian Wars were over.
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Some critics attacked government policies and defended
the Indians’ way of life.
Most leaders, however, hoped that Native
Americans would assimilate into American life.
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In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes General
Allotment Act to encourage assimilation.
•
Replaced the reservation system
with an allotment system
•
Granted each Indian family its own
plot of land
•
Specified the land could not be sold
for 25 years
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
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Objectives
•
Analyze the impact of mining and railroads
on the settlement of the West.
•
Explain how ranching affected western
development.
•
Discuss the ways various peoples lived in the
West and their impact on the environment.
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Terms and People
•
vigilante – self-appointed law enforcer
•
transcontinental railroad – rail link between
the eastern and western United States
•
land grant – land given by the federal
government for building railroads
•
open-range system – system in which
ranchers did not fence in their property, allowing cattle to
roam and graze freely
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Terms and People (continued)
•
Homestead Act – 1862 law in which the government
offered farm plots of 160 acres to anyone willing to live
on the land for five years, dig a well, and build a road
•
Exodusters –African Americans who migrated from the
South to the West after the Civil War
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What economic and social factors changed
the West after the Civil War?
In the late 1800s, miners, rail workers, ranchers, and
farmers moved to the frontier in hopes of building better
lives.
The industrial and agricultural booms they created helped
transform the West.
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The discovery of gold and silver created
the first great boom in the West—mining.
•
•
With each new find,
prospectors rushed to
the site, hoping to
strike it rich.
Others followed, bringing
food and supplies.
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Mining camps
quickly
sprang up.
Many camps
grew into
thriving
communities.
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Because they
had no judges
or jails, miners
often set their
own rules for
administering
justice.
•
In the early days,
vigilantes took the
law into their own
hands.
•
As towns grew, they
hired marshals and
sheriffs.
Some towns, however, disappeared as quickly as
they appeared. Boomtowns turned to ghost towns
when the gold and silver ran out.
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Large companies soon took over the mining
business from individual prospectors.
•
Could afford the heavy
equipment needed to
bring mineral ores out
from deep underground
•
Were supported by
the government with
cheap land
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The railroads soon
began work to fulfill a
longtime goal—to
build a
transcontinental
railroad linking the
East and the West.
As industries
grew in the West,
so did the need
for railroads to
transport goods
and people.
The government supported this goal through:
•
loans
•
land grants
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In 1863, the Central Pacific headed eastward from
Sacramento. The Union Pacific headed westward
from Omaha.
They finally
met at
Promontory,
Utah, in
1869.
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Work on the railroad had been difficult and dangerous.
But it brought tremendous changes to the country.
•
Tied the nation together
•
Moved products and people
•
Spurred industrial development
•
Stimulated the growth of towns and cities
•
Encouraged settlers to continue to move west
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The railroad boom encouraged another
western boom—the cattle boom.
For years, ranchers
had used an openrange system for
raising livestock.
•
Property not fenced in
•
Cattle were branded,
then grazed freely
•
Cowboys rounded up
the cattle each spring
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Cowboys then drove cattle north to the rail lines,
so they could be transported to market.
The long, hard
cattle drives
could last for
months.
They ended at
railroad towns,
called cow
towns.
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By the mid-1880s, however, the cattle boom
was coming to an end.
Reasons
the openrange
system
ended
The invention of barbed wire made
fencing cheap.
The supply of beef exceeded demand
and prices dropped.
Extreme weather led to the death
of herds.
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Like miners and ranchers, farmers also moved
west, looking for a better life.
Railroad companies
encouraged pioneer
settlement. So did
the government.
Under the 1862
Homestead Act,
the government
gave land to farmers
willing to tend it.
Easterners, Exodusters, and immigrants soon
poured onto the Great Plains.
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Life on the Plains was difficult and lonely.
With little wood
available, homesteaders
made houses from sod.
Storms, droughts, and
locusts ruined crops.
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New inventions and farming methods,
however, made life easier.
•
Barbed wire
•
Stronger plow
•
Grain drill
•
Windmill
•
Dry-farming techniques
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For many Americans, the West was a place to
build new lives. But it also was a place of conflict.
Economic rivalries
Social conflicts
•
Cattle destroyed crops
•
Sheep ruined grasses
•
Mining runoff polluted water
•
Control of resources disputed
•
Prejudice
•
Discrimination
•
Ethnic tensions
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The last land rush took place in 1889, when the
government opened the Oklahoma Territory to
homesteaders.
“boomers”
lined up to
stake claims
“sooners” sneaked
in early to take
the best ones
The next year, the government declared
there was no land left for homesteading.
The frontier closed.
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
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Chapter Summary
Section 1: Segregation and Social Tensions
After Reconstruction ended, the rights of African Americans
narrowed. A significant turn away from equality occurred,
as Jim Crow laws mandating segregation and limiting voting
rights took hold. Other minority groups also struggled for
equality at this time.
Section 2: Political and Economic Challenges
The political scene during the Gilded Age was marked by
inaction, as party loyalties were very evenly divided.
Corruption challenged the national government and its
spoils system while many called for reform.
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Chapter Summary
(continued)
Section 3: Farmers and Populism
When millions of people moved West after the Civil War,
they did not expect to face the nearly impossible conditions
they did. In response, farmers powered a new political
revolt called Populism that grew into a large third-party
movement.
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Channel Awesome
Issues of the Gilded Age (1877–1900)
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Chapter Review
Issues of the Gilded Age (1877–1900)
QuickTake Test
Know It, Show It Test
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1
Objectives
• Assess how whites created a segregated society in
the South and how African Americans responded.
• Analyze efforts to limit immigration and the effects.
• Compare the situations of Mexican Americans and
of women to those of other groups.
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Terms and People
•
Jim Crow laws – laws that kept blacks and whites
segregated
•
poll tax – a tax which voters were required to pay
to vote
•
literacy test – a test, given at the polls to see
if a voter could read, used to disenfranchise black
citizens
•
grandfather clause – a law which allowed a
person to vote only if his ancestors had voted prior
to 1866, also used to disenfranchise black citizens
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Terms and People
(continued)
•
Booker T. Washington – the most famous black
leader during the late 19th century, he encouraged
African Americans to build up their economic
resources through hard work
•
W.E.B. Du Bois – a black leader in the late 19th
century who disagreed with Washington and argued
that blacks should demand full and immediate
equality
•
Ida B. Wells – an African American teacher who
bought a newspaper and embarked on a lifelong
crusade against the practice of lynching
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Terms and People
•
(continued)
Las Gorras Blancas – a group of Mexican
Americans who protested their loss of land in the
Southwest by targeting the property of large ranch
owners
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How were the civil and political rights of
certain groups in America undermined
during the years after Reconstruction?
In the course of the Gilded Age, the equal rights
extended to African Americans during
Reconstruction were narrowed.
This move away from equality for all had a lasting
impact on society in the United States.
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Federal troops were removed from the South
in 1876.
Ways in which
blacks’ right
to vote was
restricted in
the South:
poll taxes
literacy tests
grandfather clauses
violence
Segregation via Jim Crow laws became the norm,
and blacks lost voting rights.
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The many strategies
used to keep black
voters away from
the polls were very
effective.
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In addition to losing their voting rights, blacks also
faced widespread segregation in the South and in
the North.
The constitutionality
of Jim Crow laws
was upheld by the
Supreme Court
in the 1896 case
Plessy v. Ferguson.
Still, African
Americans refused to
accept their status as
second-class citizens.
Several important
leaders emerged and
called for equality.
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Booker T. Washington was the most famous
black leader of the late 19th century.
Washington believed that black citizens should
accommodate themselves to segregation and
build up their own economic resources through
hard work.
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Some disagreed with Booker T. Washington.
W.E.B. Du Bois
argued that
blacks should
demand full and
equal rights
immediately.
Du Bois felt
the burden of
achieving equality
should not rest on
the shoulders of
African Americans
alone.
Another black leader was Ida B. Wells, who devoted
her life to the crusade against lynching.
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In the Southwest,
four out of five
Mexican Americans
lost their land
after the MexicanAmerican War,
despite a treaty
which guaranteed
their property
rights.
Las Gorras Blancas,
a Mexican American
group, fought for their
rights by inflicting
property damage on
landowners and
publishing grievances
in their own
newspaper.
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Chinese immigrants also faced racial prejudice in
the West at this time.
Faced with severe
job discrimination,
some ChineseAmericans started
their own
businesses.
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Prior to the Civil War, women played a large role in
reform movements, including the call to abolish
slavery.
Leaders wanted to
further the rights of
women and were
disappointed when
women were not
included in the 14th
and 15th Amendments.
Susan B. Anthony
and Elizabeth Cady
Stanton formed
the National
Woman Suffrage
Association in
1869.
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•
Susan B. Anthony voted in an
election in 1872 and was
arrested.
•
Awaiting trial, she toured the
nation, delivering a powerful
speech on the issue.
Activists did not secure
women’s suffrage during the
19th century.
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
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Chapter Introduction
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1
Objectives
• Analyze the issue of corruption in national
politics in the 1870s and 1880s.
• Discuss civil service reform during the 1870s
and 1880s.
• Assess the importance of economic issues in
the politics of the Gilded Age.
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Terms and People
•
spoils system – a system in which politicians awarded
government jobs to loyal party workers with little regard
for their qualifications
•
civil service – a system that includes federal jobs in the
executive branch
•
Pendleton Civil Service Act – a law passed in 1883 that
established a Civil Service Commission, which wrote a
civil service exam
•
gold standard – using gold as the basis of the nation’s
currency
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Why did the political structure change during
the Gilded Age?
Congress passed few laws between 1877 and 1900, in
an era marked by inaction and political corruption.
The Gilded Age raised questions about whether or not
democracy could succeed.
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Between 1877
and 1897,
party loyalties
were evenly
divided.
• Neither political
party achieved
control of both the
White House and
Congress for more
than two years in a
row.
• Presidents during
the Gilded Age were
elected only by slim
margins.
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Corruption plagued national politics as many officials
accepted bribes.
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Writers, such as Mark Twain, expressed
concerns over the corruption.
The spoils system, in
which party supporters
received government
jobs regardless of
their qualifications,
shifted power to a few.
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This system
made the
political parties
extremely
powerful.
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A movement arose to promote civil service reform.
Ending the
spoils system
was difficult.
Change finally happened,
in part, because
President James Garfield
was assassinated by a
man who believed the
Republican Party owed
him a job.
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Chester A. Arthur became President and
supported civil service reform.
In 1883, he signed into law the
Pendleton Civil Service Act,
which established a merit-based system for
government employment.
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The economic
issues of
tariffs and
monetary
policy caused
debate during
the Gilded Age.
Tariffs taxed imported
goods, which supported
American industry but
increased consumer prices.
Monetary policy disputes
concerned the gold
standard, where gold
became the basis of the
nation’s currency.
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Monetary policy centered on a debate over the
Coinage Act of 1873.
Some people
wanted to
use only gold
as money.
Some wanted
to use both
gold and
silver.
Bankers were worried silver would undermine the
economy. Farmers favored it to create inflation and
raise their income.
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
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1
Objectives
• Analyze the problems farmers faced and the
groups they formed to address them.
• Assess the goals of the Populists, and explain
why the Populist Party did not last.
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Terms and People
•
Oliver H. Kelley – a Minnesota farmer and
businessman who organized the Grange
•
Grange – an organization of farmers who joined
to learn about new farming techniques, to call for
the regulation of railroad and grain elevator rates,
and to prompt the establishment of the ICC
•
Populist Party – a political party formed in 1892
on a platform of silver coinage, government
ownership of the railroads, and fighting the corrupt
and unresponsive elite
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Terms and People
(continued)
•
William Jennings Bryan – the Democratic
nominee for president in 1896, who supported
many Populist principles including silver coinage,
and who toured the country to speak directly to
voters
•
William McKinley – the Republican candidate for
president in 1896, who followed a traditional
strategy of letting party workers campaign for him
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What led to the rise of the Populist
movement, and what effect did it have?
Millions of Americans moved west after the Civil
War to pursue the American dream.
A variety of factors made their lives extremely
difficult, which led to the social and political revolt
known as Populism—and created one of the
largest third party movements in American
history.
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People moving to the West and South in the late
1800s knew that their lives would not be easy.
Problems
facing the
farmers of
the West
and South
low prices for crops
high transportation, equipment,
and loan costs
drought
reduced influence in politics
They did not anticipate many problems that made
survival nearly impossible.
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Frustrated
by these
problems,
farmers began to
organize.
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Farmers created groups to address their
problems.
These groups formed a network called the
Granger movement. The Grange was
formally organized by Oliver H. Kelley
in 1867 and gained a million members.
The Grange declined after the 1870s,
but Farmers’ Alliances became
important reform organizations that
continued the Grange’s goals.
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The
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War Begins
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Chapter
Chapter Introduction
Section
1
The spread of the Farmers’ Alliances led to the
formation of the Populist Party in 1892.
coinage of silver
The Populist platform,
outlined at the party’s
1892 convention in
Omaha, NE, called for:
an income tax
government ownership
of railroads
bank regulations
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The
Cold
Triumph
War Begins
of Industry (1865–1914)
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Chapter
Chapter Introduction
Section
1
The debate
over monetary
policy was
an important
issue of the
day.
Those who
wanted a gold
standard were on
one side.
Those who wanted to
use silver—including the
Populist Party—were
on the other.
The
The
Cold
Triumph
War Begins
of Industry (1865–1914)
25
Chapter
Chapter Introduction
Section
1
The Populists
did well in 1892,
electing three
governors, five
senators, and ten
congressmen.
The Populist
candidate for
president received
one million votes
in that election.
The
The
Cold
Triumph
War Begins
of Industry (1865–1914)
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Chapter
Chapter Introduction
Section
1
An economic depression began in 1893 and
labor unrest and violence broke out. The
Populist Party grew.
In 1896, a young lawyer named William
Jennings Bryan spoke at the national
Democratic convention.
The speech, with its Populist message
of “free silver,” moved Democrats to
nominate Bryan. The Populist Party
chose to give him their support.
The
The
Cold
Triumph
War Begins
of Industry (1865–1914)
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Chapter
Chapter Introduction
Section
1
William Jennings Bryan campaigned against
Republican candidate William McKinley
in a way that had never been seen before.
He toured the country,
talking directly to voters.
The
The
Cold
Triumph
War Begins
of Industry (1865–1914)
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Chapter
Chapter Introduction
Section
1
McKinley won
against Bryan
in 1896 and in
1900.
Bryan’s emphasis
on money reform
wasn’t popular with
urban workers.
The
The
Cold
Triumph
War Begins
of Industry (1865–1914)
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Chapter
Chapter Introduction
Section
1
The Populist Party was weakened by
supporting William Jennings Bryan on the
Democratic ticket.
It survived
another decade,
but its viability
as an alternative
to the two major
parties was over.
Many of the reforms
sought by the Populists
became a reality.
The new campaigning
style used by Bryan
became the norm.
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The
Cold
Triumph
War Begins
of Industry (1865–1914)
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Chapter
Chapter Introduction
Section
1
Section Review
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The
The
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War Begins
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