Thursday, January 29th
 Looking at sleep and dreams today 
 Dream logs 
 Next week: Drugs and Consciousness, Drugs,
Inception…
Dreams and Sleep
Sleep & Dreams
Sleep – the irresistible tempter to whom we
inevitably succumb.
Mysteries about sleep and dreams have just started
unraveling in sleep laboratories around the world.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_rEpjEBC60
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvjSYtG5mWE
What is sleep?
 It is a natural, reversible loss of consciousness.
 Sleeps helps us to recuperate & restore body tissues.
 It plays a role in our growth process.
we are less aware of our environment & ourselves than we
are in our normal awake state.
Biological Rhythms
 Are regular fluctuations in
any living process.
 Internal, chemical units
that control regular cycles
in parts of the body.
 Hormone levels, body
temperature, drug
sensitivity.
Circadian
Rhythm
 Regular bodily
rhythms that occur
on a 24-hour cycle,
such as of
wakefulness and
body temperature
 Humans are a little
longer than 24 hours.
Animals vs. Humans
 Humans are diurnal- active during the day
 Many other animals are nocturnal- active at night
Sleep Cycle
 Sleep cycle: about every 90-100 minutes we pass
through a cycle of 5 distinct sleep stages
BRAIN WAVES
 While we sleep our brain has electrical activity in which
researchers record.
 Beta waves are awake brain waves.
Rhythm of Sleep
Light triggers the suprachiasmatic nucleus to decrease
(morning) melatonin from the pineal gland
and increase (evening) it at night fall.
Brain Waves and Sleep
Stages
 Alpha Waves
 slow waves of a relaxed,
awake brain
 Delta Waves
 large, slow waves of
deep sleep
 Hallucinations
 false sensory
experiences
Sleep and Dreams
 Measuring sleep activity
Stages in a Typical Night’s
Sleep
Awake
Sleep
stages
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
Hours of sleep
5
6
7
Stages in a Typical Night’s
Sleep
Minutes
of
Stage 4
and
REM
Decreasing
Stage 4
25
20
15
Increasing
REM
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
Hours of sleep
6
7
8
Sleep Stages
Measuring sleep: About every 90 minutes, we
pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages.
Hank Morgan/ Rainbow
Awake & Alert
During strong mental engagement, the brain
exhibits low amplitude and fast, irregular beta
waves (15-30 cps). An awake person involved in a
conversation shows beta activity.
Beta Waves
Twilight - Awake but Relaxed
When an individual closes his eyes but remains
awake, his brain activity slows down to a large
amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14
cps). A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain
activity.
Sleep Stages 1-2
During early, light sleep (stages 1-2) the brain
enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular wave form
called theta waves (5-8 cps). A person who is
daydreaming shows theta activity.
Theta Waves
Stage 1 Sleep
 Last about 5-10
minutes.
 We lose perception of
time.
 Can experience
hallucinations or a
sensation of falling or
floating.
 Slow heart rate,
relaxation.
 Eyes begin to roll.
STAGE 2 SLEEP
 LAST ABOUT 20
MINUTES.
 CAN BE AWAKENED
WITHOUT DIFFFICULTY.
 May deny that they were
asleep if they were
awakened in this stage.
 TALK IN SLEEP IN THIS
STAGE.
Sleep Stages 3-4
During deepest sleep (stages 3-4), brain activity
slows down. There are large-amplitude, slow
delta waves (1.5-4 cps).
Stage 3 Sleep
 Often referred to as Delta sleep
 Last for just a few minutes and then moves on to Stage
4 sleep.
STAGE 4 SLEEP
 Lasts for 30 minutes.
 Hard to awaken,
become disoriented &
groggy.
 Sleepwalking occurs in
this stage
 Will be physically tired
or ill if deprived of.
 Increasing amount of
exercise, increase time
in 3 & 4 sleep.
REM Sleep
After reaching the deepest sleep stage (4), the
sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage
You dream most vividly here.
A person during this sleep exhibits
Rapid Eye Movements (REM)
and reports vivid dreams.
REM
 REM (Rapid Eye
Movement) Sleep
 recurring sleep stage
 vivid dreams
 “paradoxical sleep”
 muscles are generally
relaxed, but other
body systems are
active
90-Minute Cycles During Sleep
With each 90-minute cycle, stage 4 sleep decreases
and the duration of REM sleep increases.
Dream Chart
 Must write down sleep patterns and dreams
 When you wake up/fall asleep
 Any dreams you remember
 AS SOON AS YOU WAKE UP!
Why do we sleep?
Why do we sleep?
We spend one-third of
our lives sleeping.
If an individual
remains awake for
several days, they
deteriorate in terms of
immune function,
concentration, and
accidents.
Sleep Deprivation
 Effects of Sleep Loss
 fatigue
 impaired concentration
& memory
 depressed immune
system
 greater vulnerability to
accidents
Sleep Deprivation
Less sleep,
more accidents
Accident
frequency
More sleep,
fewer accidents
2,800
2,700
4,200
2,600
4000
2,500
3,800
2,400
3,600
Spring time change
(hour sleep loss)
Monday before time change
Fall time change
(hour sleep gained)
Monday after time change
Accidents
Frequency of accidents increase with loss of sleep
REM Rebound
 When you are sleep deprived you lose out on two types
of sleep, REM and NREM (non-REM).
 Typically when you have a chance to fall asleep after
sleep deprivation you have a tendency to get more
REM sleep than you would normally get.
 This is your body's way of trying to catch up on its REM
sleep.
Fatal Familial insomnia…
 People sleep normally in the beginning of life….then
they simply stop sleeping.
 Most people die 7-24 months after diagnosed.
 Degeneration in the cerebral cortex and the thalamus.
Video clip
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIeTVVAEFn8
Sleep Theories
1. Sleep Protects: Sleeping in the darkness when
predators loomed about kept our ancestors out
of harm’s way.
Sleep Recuperates:
 Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue.
 Helps us conserve energy


Our metabolic function slows down.
This is why babies sleep so much- they have to grow!
Sleep Helps Remembering
 Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories.
 If you study BEFORE bed, sleep will help you remember
what you went over.
 You need to sleep before a test AKA no crashing for a test.
Sleep and growth
 Sleep and Growth: During sleep, the pituitary gland
releases growth hormone.
 Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less.
Why do we dream?
Why do we dream?
1. Wish Fulfillment: Sigmund Freud suggested
that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to
discharge unacceptable feelings.

The dream’s manifest (apparent) content may
also have symbolic meanings (latent content)
that signify our unacceptable feelings.
Information Processing
 Information Processing: Dreams may help sift, sort,
and fix a day’s experiences in our memories.
Why do we dream?
3. Physiological
Function: Dreams
provide the sleeping
brain with periodic
stimulation to
develop and preserve
neural pathways.
 Neural networks of
newborns are quickly
developing; therefore,
they need more sleep.
Activation-Synthesis Theory
 Activation-Synthesis Theory: Suggests that the brain
engages in a lot of random neural activity. Dreams
make sense of this activity.
Cognitive Development
Cognitive Development: Some researchers argue
that we dream as a part of brain maturation and
cognitive development.
All dream researchers believe we need REM sleep. When
deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep,
we show increased REM sleep called REM Rebound.
Friday, January 30th
 Yeah, it’s Friday!
 Looking at sleep disorders today and dream meanings
Dream Findings
1. Negative Emotional Content: 8 out of 10
dreams have negative emotional content.
2. Failure Dreams: People commonly dream
about failure, being attacked, pursued,
rejected, or struck with misfortune.
3. Sexual Dreams: Contrary to our thinking,
sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in
men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30.
4. Dreams of Gender: Women dream of men
and women equally; men dream more about
men than women.
Symbolism
 Symbolism
Many of the symbols used by dreams are personal to
the dreamer, having been built up through experience.
Others, however, appear to be more universal, arising
from shared levels of the unconscious mind.
Ex: birds, fire, water
Symbolic Language
The symbolic language shows us a way to delve
deeper into the unconscious, enabling us to embark on
a thrilling voyage of self-discovery.
The meaning of any message will depend on our own
particular personal agenda, fears and other inner
concerns.
Dream Interpretation

Common dreams
1. Loving others secretly
2. Being chased or persecuted
3. Death
4. Former Lover
5. Snake
6. Lover , Falling Teeth
7. Kill others or being killed , Crying , Schoolmates ,
Fighting or Arguing
Dream Interpretation
8. Pregnant
9. Dead bodies or Ghost, Getting married
10. Falling down, Flying
11. Kiss
12. Insects
13. Monsters , Fires
14. Phone Call
Dream Interpretation
 Example 1: Being Chased
Interpretation
Your dream shows that you are afraid of something. If
you are young, you may think that you want to run
away from the protection of your parents and want to
live independently. If you have grown up, you may
want to break some social customs and want to have
your own style of living. However, you are afraid of
the constraints that brought up by the society.
Dream Interpretation
 Example 2: Nudity
Interpretation
Having a dream where you are nude in front of public
shows that you feel confidence in one aspect of
yourself and want others to put attention on you.
Although you are ashamed of yourself, you want others
to put attention of the good personality of this aspect.
Dream Interpretation
 Repetitive dreams
Recurrent dreams, which can continue for years, may
be treated as any other dream. That is, one may look
for parallels between the dream and the thoughts,
feelings, behavior, and motives of the dreamer.
Understanding the meaning of the recurrent dream
sometimes can help the dreamer resolve an issue that
he or she has been struggling with for years.
Dream Interpretation
 Can dreams predict the future?
There are many examples of dreams that seemed to
predict future events.
Some may have been due to coincidence, faulty
memory, or an unconscious tying together of
known information.
A few laboratory studies have been conducted of
predictive dreams, but the results were varied, as
these kinds of dreams are difficult to study in a
laboratory setting.
Dream Interpretation
Treat such dreams with caution and good sense.
If you dream that your plane is crashing, there is no good
reason to cancel your flight: the dream will simply be a
reflection of your tension and a (perhaps unconscious)
fear of flying.
Q&A
 Are dreams in color?
A:Most dreams are in color, although people may not be
aware of it, either because they have difficulty
remembering their dreams or because color is such a
natural part of visual experience.
People who are very aware of color while awake probably
notice color more often in their dreams.
Q&A
 Do dreams have meaning?
A:Dreams are useful in learning more about the dreamer's
feelings, thoughts, behavior, motives, and values.
Many find that dreams can help them solve problems.
Further, artists, writers, and scientists often get creative
ideas from dreams.
Q&A
 Does everyone dream?
A:Yes. Laboratory studies have shown that we experience
our most vivid dreams during a type of sleep called
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep.
REM sleep occurs every 90 - 100 minutes, 3 to 4 times a
night, and lasts longer as the night progresses.
The final REM period may last as long as 45 minutes.
Less vivid dreams occur at other times during the night.
Q&A
 Why do people have trouble remembering their dreams?
A:There is something about the phenomenon of sleep itself which
makes it difficult to remember what has occurred and most dreams
are forgotten unless they are written down.
Sometimes a dream is suddenly remembered later in the day or on
another day, suggesting that the memory is not totally lost but for
some reason is very hard to retrieve.
Sleep and dreams also are affected by a great variety of drugs and
medications, including alcohol. Further, stopping certain
medications suddenly may cause nightmares.
Sleep Disorders and Hypnosis
Night Terrors and
Nightmares
 Night Terrors
Sleep
stages
 occur within 2 or 3
Awake
1
2
3
REM
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hours of sleep
7
hours of falling
asleep, usually during
Stage 4
 high arousal—sit up
in bed appearance of
being terrified
 happens to children
only
Nightmares
 Occur during REM sleep
 5% of population have them
 On average pf 1X per week
 Usually happens when we miss REM sleep, don’t get
enough sleep, drink too much alcohol, eat spicy foods,
or see something that is scary.
Video clips
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOmJSKKaAbQ
Sleep Across the Lifespan
Insomnia
 Persistent problems in
falling or staying asleep
 Considered chronic when occurs
most night for 3-4 wks
 Number experiencing insomnia


increasing
~15% adult pop.
Contributing factors: chronic anxiety,
depression, situational stress, stimulus
overload, drugs (caffeine, alcohol,
nicotine), medical problems, restless
leg syndrome

~30% no apparent reason
Video Clip
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmwVF-6AFbw
Sleep Apnea
 Momentarily stop
breathing during sleep
 will briefly wake up and
gasp for air often
 wake up tired, but unaware
 May happen as many as 500
times in a single night
 Can be life-threatening
Nasal CPAP
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SM1uOcufihw
Sleepwalking
 Primarily occur in children and
disappear by adolescence
 Occur in Stage 4 deep sleep
 Associated with body movement and
intense autonomic activation
 Intense screams with night terrors
 Typically do not remember episodes
the next day
Narcolepsy
 Random, uncontrollable
attacks of sleep
 Often triggered by emotions
 Often go directly to REM
 Usually < 5 min, up to 20 min
Video clip
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALVqaKQ5MWY
Other random sleep disorders
 Klein-Levin syndrome
 Causes people to sleep for days
 May walk to bathroom or refrigerator and not remember ever
leaving bed
 Sleep/wake cycle disorders
 Bodies run on 26- or 27-hour cycle, so fall asleep later each
night
 Hypnophobics
 Fear going to sleep
 Hypnalgia
 Feel “dream pain”
Klein Levin Syndrome
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLOM9qKsC-c
Happy Monday!
 This week:
 M- Hypnosis and
Intuition
 T- SLEEP
 Thursday: Drugs
and
Consciousness
 F-next Tuesdayat a
conference…will
have a sub 
Hypnosis
Hypnosis
 Hypnosis
 a social interaction in which one person (the
hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that
certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or
behaviors will spontaneously occur
 Used to cure ailments, bring back memories
 Greek god of sleep-Hypnos
 Posthypnotic Amnesia
 supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis
 induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
Explaining Hypnosis
Hypnosis: Real?
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zgXIo2Fav2Y