ETHICS PART III
GOODNESS & EQUALITY
Why Be Good?
 Introduction
 Why be good?
 Other People
 Practical Answer
 Goodness For its Own Sake
 Reformulation
 Practical Answer
 A Religious Answer
 Goodness for its own sake
 Analogies
Socrates
 Background
 Life & Death
 Wisdom
 The Real Socrates
 Ethical Theory
 Virtue
 Why be moral?
 Ethical Intellectualism
 Knowledge & Goodness, Ignorance & Evil
Socrates
 Socrates’ Contributions
 Plato
 Ethical Theory
Plato
 Background
 The Death of Socrates
 Life
 Comprehensive Philosophy
The Ring of Gyges
 The Challenge
 Glaucon want to hear a defense of justice
 Injustice & Justice
 The Nature & Origin of Justice
 The Origin & Essence of Justice
 Justice & Power
 Why People are Just
The Ring of Gyges
 The Ring of Gyges
 The Thought Experiment
 The Story
 The Point
 Choice Between Lives
 Face to Face
 The Just Man
 Judgment
Moral Education
 Introduction
 Moral Education Involves
 Controversy
 Practical Matters
 Nature, Possibility, Desirability
 Human Nature?
 Possible?
 Desirable?
Moral Education
 Who, Why, What?
 Purpose?
 Educators?
 One Morality?
 Several Moralities?
 Content?
 Methods?
Habit & Virtue
 The Origin & Nature of Virtue
 Human Nature
 Natural Faculties
 Acquiring Virtues
 City States
 Learning Crafts
 Learning Virtues
Habit & Virtue
 General Rules
 General Rules
 Ethics is not theoretical
 Right Principle
 Outline
 Cardinal Rule
 Virtue: Excess & Deficiency
 Fostering of Virtues
 Health Analogy
 Fostering Virtues
Habit & Virtue
 Pleasure & Pain
 Index of Moral Progress
 Moral Goodness
 Standards of Regulating Actions
 Concern
Habit & Virtue
 An Objection & Replies
 Objection
 First Reply-Arts
 Reply-Distinguishing
 Reply-Distinguishing & Acquiring
 Medicine Analogy
Habit & Virtue
 Practice
 Putting it into Practice
 Discourses on Morality
 The Many & Discourse
 All Means
 Analogy to Land
Habit & Virtue
 Education in Goodness
 Education of the Youth
 Regulation of Life
 Guidance
 Parents-Second Choice
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 Background
 Life
 Some Works
 The Corruption of Man
 Emotional
 Noble Savage
 Discourse on the Arts and Science
 Discourse on Inequality
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 The Social Contract
 The Work
 Degeneration
 Contracting
 Sovereignty and Government
 Education
 Emile
 Three Sections of Growth
 Condemnation
Emile
 The Object of Education
 Degeneration
 Needs & Education
 Sources of Education
 Nature
 The Education of Emile Age 10 or 12
 Result
 Speaking
 Natural
 Moral Ideas
Emile
 Education of Emile Age 15
 Result
 Reason
 Emile’s Qualities
 More Qualities
Equality
 Introduction
 Equality
 Questions About Equality
Mary Wollstonecraft
 Background
 Life
 Feminism
 Works
Vindication of the Rights of Women
 Wealth
 Evil Flows from the respect paid to property
 Hereditary Wealth
 Virtues & Impediments
 Acquiring Virtues-Duties
 Morality & Equality
 Dependence as impediment
 Impediments: Wealth, charm, hereditary property
 Duties
 Happiness
Vindication of the Rights of Women
 The Slavery of Women
 Cause of Misery
 Distinction of Rank
 Wealth
 Laws
 Duties & Virtues
 Duties
 Society & Duties
 Becoming Virtuous
 Wealth as an Impediment
Vindication of the Right of Women
 Society
 Representation
 Problems
 More Problems
 Solution
 Government & Virtue
 Respect & Protection
 Respect
 Protection
Vindication of the Right of Women
 Conclusion
 Entreaty
 Motivation for Men
Dr. King
 Background
 Life
 Education
 Accomplishments & Contributions
I Have a Dream
 Why, When & How
 100 Years Ago & Now
 The basis of the claim
 When?
 How?
 Marching Ahead
 The Dream
 American Dream
 Hope, Faith & Freedom
Species Equality
 Introduction
 Animals
 Common Uses of Animals
 Quetsions
 Views
Whether It Is Unlawful to Kill Any Living Thing
 Thomas Aquinas
 Objections
 Objection 1: Preservation of Living Things
 Objection 2: Deprivation of Life
 Objection 3: Special Punishment
 Augustine
 Augustine: Thou shalt not kill
 Answer: Purpose
 Use
Whether It Is Unlawful to Kill Any Living Thing
 Replies
 Objection 1: For Man (Augustine)
 Objection 2: Lack Reason
 Objection 3: Use
Rene Descartes
 Life & Works
 Life
 Published Works
The Automatism of Animals
 Descartes
 Error & Motion
 Error
 Two Different Principles of Movements
 Appearance of Thought
 Proof
 Argument for Animals Thinking
 Criticism of the Argument
The Automatism of Animals
 Bodies
 Bodies & Motion Argument
 Automata Argument
 Language Argument
 Life
Duties Towards Animals
 Immanuel Kant
 Animals
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Animals
Animals are Merely Means
Animal Nature Analogous to Human Nature
Duties Towards Animals
Hogarth’s Engravings
Love of Animals
Leibniz
Tender Feelings
Treatment of Animals
Conclusion
Utilitarian Argument
 Argument
 Introduction
 Principle & Scope
 Standard Argument for Moral Relevance
 Argument Template
 Example
 Example