A.
Deviance – behavior that departs from societal or group norms
B.
Can vary from group to group and society to society
C.
•
Negative deviance – involves behavior that underconforms to accepted norms
Obesity
D.
•
Positive deviance – involves behavior that overconforms to social expectations
Anorexia

A.
Social control – ways to encourage conformity to society’s norms
B.
Internal social control
1.
2.
Lies w/in the individual
Is developed during the socialization process
C.
External social control
1.
Based on social sanctions – rewards or punishments that encourage conformity to social norms

III.
Costs and Benefits of Deviance
A.
Negative effects
1.
2.
3.
Erodes trust
Can cause nonconforming behaviors in others
Expensive

B.
Benefits of deviance
1.
2.
Clarifies norms
•
Temporary safety valve
Watching TV to relieve stress
3.
4.
Increases unity
Promotes needed social change

A.
Strain theory – theory that deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means

1.
a.
•
Innovation – individual accepts goal of success but uses illegal means to achieve it
Robbery, drug dealing

b.
•
Ritualism – individual rejects goal of success but still uses the legitimate means
Teacher going about daily routine of teaching w/out concern for students

c.
•
Retreatism – deviant response that rejects both legitimate means and approved goals
Drug addicts,
“bag ladies”

d.
Rebellion – reject both success and approved means for achieving it
• Live in isolation, threaten violent behavior

B.
•
Differential association theory – individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to
Deviance increases with
— Greater # of people known
— Closer relationship with deviants
— Younger age of exposure

C.
Labeling theory – society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant
1.
2.
Primary deviance – involves occasional breaking of norms and isn’t part of person’s lifestyle
Secondary deviance – individual’s life and identity are organized around breaking norms
3.
Stigma – undesirable trait or label that is used to characterize an individual

A.
African Americans and Latinos are more likely than whites to be convicted and serve more time in prison than whites
B.
Victim discounting – process of reducing the seriousness of crimes that injure people of lower status

C.
•
White collar crime
– job-related crimes committed by high-status people
Usually economic crimes

VI.
Approaches to Crime Control
A.
Deterrence – discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment
B.
Retribution – criminals pay compensation for their acts
C.
Incarceration – keeping criminals in prison

D.
Rehabilitation – changing or reforming a criminal through socialization
• Success measured through recidivism – repetition of or return to criminal behavior

E.
Alternatives to prison
1.
2.
3.
Combination of prison and probation – designed to shock offenders into recognizing realities of prison life
Community-based programs – designed to reintroduce criminals into society
Diversion strategy – prevents or reduces offender’s involvement in criminal justice system through referral to community-based treatment programs

Overcrowding in California prisons
Sean Bell video
Education experience of young men of color

States with the death penalty
Information about the death penalty
A case of mistaken identity