PROPERTIES OF WATER
Chemistry You Need to Know
Electron Balance
Electronegativity
Water
Chemical formula
Shape
Polarity
Net Charge
Net Charge vs. Polarity (Charge distribution)
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak van deer Waals
H vs. Electronegative atoms (F,O,N) from adjacent molecules
Water hydrogen bonds structure
Strength in numbers
Magnetic properties
Typical molecules involved (H – F,O,N)
Water and the Physical States
Melting Point
Boiling Points
State Change
Phase Changes
Effect of Pressure on Boiling Point / Melting Point
Effect of Temperature on Boiling Point / Melting Point
Effect of altitude on Boiling Point / Melting Point
Effect on Cooking
Extraordinary Properties of Water (To know: What they are, how they are connected to hydrogen bonds, how it helps life)
Less Dense as a Solid
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Hydrogen bonds form crystal lattice in solids
Insulation & Floating
High Specific Heat
Hydrogen bonds prevent temperature changes
Maintaining Homeostasis
High Heat of Vaporization
Hydrogen bonds require energy before breaking up to allow evaporation
Evaporative Cooling (Oceans / Evapotranspiration) & Greenhouse Effect
Cohesion
Hydrogen bonds make water sticks to itself like a magnet
Surface Tension (Microhabitats for organisms / Cell Tension / Capillary Action)
Adhesion
Hydrogen bonds make water sticks to other surfaces like a magnet
Leaf water conservation / Capillary Action
Universal Solvent
Adhesion & Mixtures
Capillary Action & Life
Mixtures
Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous
Level of Analysis
Solutions
Parts
Solvent
Solute
Concentration (IS IN):
Dilute vs. Concentrated
Unsaturated, Saturated, vs. Supersaturated
Solubility (CAN FIT)
Factors: Temperature, Type of Solute, Solvent Quantity/Type
Dissolving Rate: Temperature; Size; Stirring
Rules:
Polar Dissolved in Polar; Non-Polar Dissolves in Non-Polar; Non-Polar and Polar Do not Mix Well
Soluble / Hydrophilic / Polar vs. Insoluble / Hydrophilic / Non-Polar
Mechanisms
Ions & Dissociation
Other Soluble Molecules (Protein & Sugar Solubility)
Types
Aqueous vs. Tinctures
Electrolytes vs. Non-Electrolyte Solutions
Hard vs. Soft water
Other Topics
Freezing Point Depression & Boiling Point Elevation
Effervescence
o Suspensions / Colloids / Emulsions
Acidity & Alkalinity
Water Dissociation & Hydroxide vs. Hydrogen (Hydronium) Ions
pH Scale: & Logarithms
Neutrality
Acids Facts: Common Ion, taste, reaction to indicators, pH range, examples
Bases Facts: Common Ion, taste, texture, reaction to indicators, pH range, examples
Neutralization Reaction & Salts
Precipitate & Precipitation Reactions
Buffers & Biological Function