The American Colonies Take Shape
Chapter 3
Page 65
Section 1
Immigration and Slavery
• Immigration start arriving from many places in
Europe
– England
– Scotland
– Ireland
– Germany
A: England
• Most early immigrants English
• Most came as indentured servants- 90%
• Agreed to work for 4-7 years in exchange for
passage
• Late 1600’s, conditions in England get better,
less come
B. Scottland
• Early 1700 Scottish immigrants skyrocket
• Came in three waves
– Scottish lowlands
– Scottish high lands
– Scotch-Irish
• Many moved into the “back countries” of
current colonies
C: Germans
• Leaving Germany
– Religious persecution
– Had to serve in army
– Taxed heavily
• 100,000 mostly protestant
• William Penn recruited many- settle there
E: Slave Trade
• Slavery began in colonies 1600’s
• Wasn’t permanent: more like indentured
servant
• By 1700’s, passing slave laws
• Children remain slaves
F: Transatlantic Slave Trade
• Triangular slave trade- goods and slaves
traded between Europe, Africa, and the
Americas
• At least 250,000 came to 13 colonies- 4.5%
• Middle Passage- terrible conditions, over two
months, 10-15% died
G. Africans in Americas
• Slave auctions- treated like animals
• More use in southern colonies- tend labor
intensive crops
• Develop own culture- most adopt Christianity
but at own elements
• Some revolt- Stono kills 20 in South Carolinaexecuted
• Phillis Wheatley?
The American Colonies and England
Section 2
• Between 1600 and 1776, England’s relationship
with colonies would evolve
• A. English Traditions of Democracy
– Magna Carta- England a Constitutional Monarchy
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xo4tUMdAMw
– 1215- limited king’s ability to tax them and
guaranteed due process
– Had to approve taxes
– Created Parliament with a bicameral
• House of lords
• House of commons
• Document based on ideas of:
– John Locke- stated all people have natural rights
and that if monarchs violate those rights, then the
people have the right to overthrow them
– Baron de Montesquieu- declared powers of gov’t
should be clearly defined and limited
• Glorious Revolution- 1689
• English forced out the king James the II
• Would insert more freedoms into their
constitution
– English Bill of Rights- guaranteed basic freedoms
– Habeas corpus- had to be charged of a crime to be
held in prison
– Freedom of press
Govt’s in Americas
• Most appointed their own elected
representatives.
• However, some colonies could also pick their
own governor
• Others had governors appointed by crown
• Sometimes governors and elected bodies
didn’t agree
B: Working Relationship
• Salutary neglect- England allowed colonies self
rule in return for economic cooperation
• Mercantilism- colonies existed to benefit
mother country
• Navigation Acts– Could only trade with England
– Only English sailors allowed in American ports
– Had to pay high tariffs on goods from other places
– Would lead to problems starting in mid-1700’s
• For the most part, England allowed self rule
and ignored the colonies if times were good or
if they needed them
• If times were bad, enforced navigation acts
and tried to influence ability to self rule
• Many problems will arise after the completion
of French and Indian War
C: New Ideas
• Enlightenment- idea that all problems could be
solved by human reason, natural law, and logic
– Ex. Benjamin Franklin
• The Great Awakening- religious movement swept
through colonies
– Response to enlightenment
– Preachers roamed country
– Salvation relied on God’s salvation
• Effects: colonist start to think and rely on
themselves- believe they can govern themselves
• Could find their own salvation
Section 3
Comparing Regional Cultures
A. North
A. Economy based on trade and small industry
A. Shipping
B. Small farms
C. fishing
B. Climate: Cold winters
C. Many small towns not far from each other
A. Long tradition of communities
B. Middle Colonies
• Economy- large family farms
– More temperate climate
– Much more diverse region
– Large trade networks
– Two of worlds largest sea ports- New York and
Philadelphia
C. Southern Colonies
•
•
•
•
•
Warmer climate
Mostly grew cash crops- tobacco and cotton
Depended on slave labor
Charleston-largest and most important port
Population spread out in rural communities
D. Education
• North- long tradition of education- small
public schools
• U.S. oldest college- Harvard- Boston Mass.
• Middle and South- less public schools
– More students homeschooled on large plantations
French and Indian War
Section 4
• April of 1754, English want to drive the French
out of North America
• Both England and France had claimed Ohio
River Valley
• Indians play Europeans off of each other
• 1754- British- 1,500,000
– France-70,000
• Most Natives side with French
• Both sides want fertile Ohio River Valley
• George Washington sent to evict the French in
Ohio River Valley
• Washington Ambushed and forced from the
Region
• Start of French and Indian War or larger 7
years war
French Advantages
•
•
•
•
France controlled more land
New France had a single colonial gov’t
France had ships and professional soldiers
French had many loyal Native allies
British Advantages
• Many more settlers
• British colonies easier to defend
• Most of the English colonist willing to fight to
defend homes
• British would lose their
Native allies in this war
French Victory
• General Braddock would march into the Ohio
Valley to within 10 miles of Fort Duquesne 1755
• All they had to do is get the cannons set up to
annihilate the French fort
• French, dressed as Natives, with 600 native allies
Ambushed English and killed 2/3 of the army and
General Braddock
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1jNSZVqVB
U
• Ensued French control of Ohio River Valley for
next two years
British Victories
• William Pitt was the new Prime Minister of
Great Britain
• Put lots of money and effort into defeating the
French
• Would put the British gov’t into major debt
• Got results: British captured French forts
including Fort Duquesne
• However, French fate in North America would
be settled in Canada
Battle of Quebec
•
•
•
•
French capital
Stronghold, fort on cliffs on St. Lawrence
18,000 British against 14,000 French
British would scale the cliffs and defeat the
French
• Treaty of Paris: France would surrender and
give up all claims to land East of Mississippi
except New Orleans
• France would give rest to Spain
Pontiacs Uprising
• French gone, but native allies still occupied
the land
• British would keep pushing the Natives out,
especially since they sided with French
• Gave natives blankets from hospital?
• Pontiac led native uprising and took every fort
except Fort Pitt and Fort Detroit
• Would hold control for the next two years
• Native did make peace in exchange for
Proclamation of 1763-
Aftermath
• War caused tensions between colonist and GB
• British wanted greater control after defeat of
French
• Also wanted help paying off large war debt
• Led to new taxes and new tensions
• Albany Plan of Union- fails- colonies don’t
want to lose autonomy- GB don’t want
colonies to become to strong