Goals:
Identify the structures and functions of the male
and female reproductive systems.
Summarize the internal feedback control of
reproductive hormones
Sequence the stages of the menstrual cycle
DO NOW 1
Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions
– From exam on Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
Male and Female
Reproductive Systems
Sexual Reproduction
•
We know that sexual reproduction needs TWO parents, a male
and a female. Sexual reproduction also needs specialized sex
cells, sperm and eggs.
•
We will learn the specialized sex organs and how sperm and
egg meet to create a new life!
Male Reproductive System
Function:
 The male reproductive system is responsible for producing,
storing, nourishing and transporting reproductive cells (sperm).
DO NOW 2 - Label the parts of the Male Reproductive System
– Blank diagram on your note packet page 1
Anatomy: Male Reproductive System
Anatomy: Male Reproductive System
Production of Sperm
 Sperm is first made during puberty (about 12 –
14), in structures known as the testes.
 TWO testes are found in a loose sac called the
scrotum which is 2⁰C - 3⁰C cooler than normal
body temperature for good sperm production
 After sperm are made, they are stored in the
epididymis which are coiled tubes on each
testis.
Problems: Male Reproductive System
What if your vas deferens were cut?
 Sperm could not leave the body!
 Male will be infertile!
 This is called a Vasectomy
What if temperature of the scrotum
was too warm?
 Sperm will not form correctly
 Can lead to infertility or
reduced fertility
 This can happen with Varicose
Veins
After sperm are formed and stored
 When excited, blood flows into the penis and veins collapse creating
an erection. An erection is when the penis becomes rigid (hard).
 Mature sperm move into the Vas deferens, which transports the
sperm from the epididymis to the urethra by peristalsis.
 As sperm move through the vas deferens and urethra there are three
glands that add fluid to support the sperm and create semen
DO NOW
Write answer on top of page 2 in your note packet
Lets follow sperm.
Put in order from where sperm start to where they are released:
• Testes
• Urethra
• Vas Deferens
• Epididymis
Anatomy: Male Reproductive System
Semen – milky white fluid that is ejaculated. Consists of sperm and
supporting fluids from THREE main glands.
1. Seminal Vesicle - (60% of semen)
 Secretes basic fluid to help neutralize the acidity in the urethra
and the vagina
 Nutrients in secretion for sperm
2. Prostate Gland - (30% of semen)
 Secretes basic fluid that helps
sperm move
 Contains muscle for support
3. Bulbourethral Gland
 Secretes basic fluid and lubricating mucus. Activates sperm
Ejaculation: Male Reproductive System
 As sperm moves from the vas deferens to the urethra, collecting
fluids to become semen, a muscle closes the bladder to prevent urine
and semen mixing
 Muscle contractions (peristalsis) help release semen from the males
body known as EJACULATION
 The PENIS helps to deposit sperm in the VAGINA of the female
which leads to the female gamete, the egg.
Hormones: Male Reproductive System
Several hormones contribute to the
male reproductive process
In addition to sperm, the testes also
produce the male hormone
Testosterone
Before birth, a male begins to make
testosterone which causes the
embryo to develop into a male rather
than a female.
Testosterone levels are low until
puberty
Hormones: Male Reproductive System
At puberty, testosterone levels rise.
What effect does this have on a male?
1. Testosterone:
 Influencing the development of
secondary male characteristics
 Maintains reproductive tract
 Promotes sperm production
 Influences sex drive & behavior
Secondary male characteristics: broad shoulders, deep voice, facial
hair, larger muscles, increased bone density, sperm production,
Hormones: Male Reproductive System
2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
 Promotes / initiates sperm
production
 Pituitary gland
3. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
 Assists spermatogenesis and initiates
production of testosterone in the
testes
 Pituitary gland
4. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
(GnRH)
 Secreted by hypothalamus gland
 Causes pituitary to release FSH and LH
 Testosterone production is regulated
by
Negative Feedback
Hormones: Male Reproductive System
Does the body constantly produce
testosterone? NO
Levels of Testosterone
• Controlled by negative feedback
• Regulated by GnRH
As levels of testosterone decrease in the blood….
• GnRH is released
• Stimulates the pituitary to release LH and
FSH
• LH and FSH promote testosterone
production
As levels of testosterone increase in the blood….
• GnRH secretion is shut off
• No LH and FSH released
• No testosterone production
DO NOW 3
Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions
– Male Reproductive System
– How well do you know the male reproductive system?
Female Reproductive System
Function:
1. The female reproductive system is responsible for producing,
storing, nourishing and transporting reproductive cells (eggs).
2. Includes structures to nourish and protect the fetus during
pregnancy
DO NOW 10
Label the parts of the Female
Reproductive System
– Blank diagram on your note
packet
Anatomy: Female Reproductive System
Parts & Terms to know
Ovaries
 Female organ where egg cells (sex cells)
are produced
 Produces female sex hormones called
estrogen and progesterone
 Eggs cells mature in the ovaries in
special clusters of cells called follicles.
 Ovulation – when egg is mature, the
ovary releases the egg cell into the
fallopian tubes. Occurs once about
every 28 days.
Female Reproductive System
Fallopian tubes
 Also called the Oviducts (5 inches)
 Mature eggs released into fallopian
tubes
 Egg moves through fallopian tube by
peristalsis and tiny hairs called cilia
 Fallopian tubes is where
FERTILIZATION happens!!
 Fertilization – haploid egg and sperm
join to make a diploid zygote
 Zygote – fertilized egg
Female Reproductive System
Parts & Terms to know
Uterus
 Also called The Womb
 Protects and nourished the fetus
during development
 If fertilization happens – the fertilized egg or
zygote attaches to the uterine wall
 No fertilization – thickened uterine wall will
shed in a process called menstruation
Female Reproductive System
Parts & Terms to know
Vagina
 Receives the penis and semen during
intercourse
 This is where the developed fetus will
exit the female body. This is known as
birth.
DO NOW 11
Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions
– Female Reproductive System
– How well do you know the Female reproductive system?
Menstrual Cycle – NO fertilization
Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle:
 In the human female, a mature egg develops and leaves one of
the ovaries about every 28 days known as ovulation
 During ovulation, the walls of the uterus have thickened with a
rich supply of blood vessels and is prepared to accept a
fertilized egg for development.
 If the egg is not fertilized, the built-up portion of the
uterine wall breaks down along with the unfertilized egg and
passes out of the body through the vagina. This process is
known as
Menstruation
Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle:
 Begins at puberty around age 12
 Temporarily stops during
pregnancy
 Permanently stops between the
ages of 40-45. This is known as
menopauses
Menstrual cycle is controlled by
interactions of 4 hormones
1. FSH
2. LH
3. Estrogen
4. Progesterone
Menstrual Cycle
Menstruation is divided into 4 stages using these hormones:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Follicle stage
Ovulation stage
Corpus luteum stage
Menstruation stage
1. Follicle Stage
FSH and Estrogen levels
increase in the body
1. Follicle Stage (Day 1- 13)
FSH
– Follicle Stimulating Hormone
– Secreted by pituitary gland
– Stimulates the development of an egg in a follicle in the ovary
called Oogenesis
1. Follicle Stage (Day 1 -13)
Estrogen
• (Day 7) As the egg matures and the follicle develops, ESTROGEN is
secreted by the ovaries.
• Estrogen stimulates the lining of the uterus to thicken and become
rich in blood vessels
2. Ovulation (Day 14)
Negative Feedback – high levels of Estrogen in blood “tells”
the pituitary gland to decrease FSH secretion
Pituitary gland now secretes Luteinizing hormone (LH) which
causes ovulation
3. Corpus Luteum (Day 15-27)
 After ovulation, cells fill the empty follicle to form a yellow body
called the corpus luteum.
 Corpus luteum secretes the hormone progesterone.
 Progesterone - maintains the thickened uterine lining and prevents
development of new follicles in the ovaries
4. Menstruation(Day 28)
If fertilization does not occur:
 LH levels decrease
 The Corpus luteum breaks down causing Progesterone levels to
decrease
 Menstruation - decreased progesterone causes thickened uterine
walls to break down and shed out the vagina along with
unfertilized egg
 Last about 4 days
Label the hormones
Why is progesterone high during the Corpus Luteum stage?
DO NOW 101
Label the diagram (except #6)
DO NOW 66
Worksheet - Answer the Multiple Choice questions
– Menstruation
– How well do you know the Menstruation?
DO NOW 99
Complete the graphic organizer on the female reproductive
system
DO NOW
Fertilization and Development
What if Fertilization DOES occur?
DO NOW 13
In packet
Only 1 questions
(few parts)
What if Fertilization DOES occur?
 If fertilization occurs then the process of Menstruation
will not happen!
 An egg will become fertilized. A fertilized egg is known
as a _________
Zygote
Human Fertilization
Fertilization – 1 sperm fuses with 1 egg creating a zygote
 Haploid Sperm + Haploid Egg = Diploid Zygote
Fertilization the Story
 Sperm are deposited in the vagina, travel past the cervix into
the uterus then finally into BOTH fallopian tubes.
 Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube and creates variation!
 Any 1 of the 200 – 400 million unique sperm can fuse with the egg!
 The fertilized egg is called a zygote
Fertilization the Story
Can more than one egg be fertilized?
Yes, if more than one egg is released
Fraternal Twins – 2 separate eggs are fertilized by
different sperm
How are identical twins
produced?
 When one zygote
divides into two separate
cells (2 zygotes) during
cleavage
After Fertilization
What happens after the egg has been fertilized in the
fallopian tube?
 Fertilized egg (zygote) travels through the rest of the fallopian
tube and begins to divide by MITOSIS
Will every cell in the new baby have the EXACT same DNA? Why?
Meiosis -> Fertilization -> Mitosis
As zygote travels in the oviduct, it begins a process called Cleavage
Cleavage - process in the Oviduct where the zygote divides by mitosis
increasing the amount of cells (forming 2 cells, 4 cells and so on)
What do you notice about the
size of the ball of cells as
cleavage occurs?
 The number of cells
increase by the size of the
diving zygote remains the
same
Meiosis -> Fertilization -> Mitosis
As cleavage occurs, a ball of about 50 cells forms the morula
Cells will keep on dividing into a hollow ball called the blastocyst
Zygote
Morula
Blastocyst
Implantation
Fertilization – Cleavage - _____________
After the zygote undergoes cleavage and becomes a blastocyst,
what happens next? Implantation
Fertilization – Cleavage - Implantation
After implantation of the blastocyst into the wall of the uterus, a
process known as gastrulation occurs.
Gastrulation:
 Blastocyst bend inwards and is called a gastrula
 The gastrula bends inwards and forms 3 different layers
The three layers will differentiate into specialized tissues and
organs
What the layers become?
Internal Development
As the different body systems develop, the developing embryo needs
nutrients!
Yolk Sac – Provides nutrients for the early embryo before the umbilical
cord and placenta form
Eventually the placenta and umbilical cord form
Placenta & Umbilical Cord
Placenta
 Responsible for nourishing the fetus and removing fetal waste
 Filled with capillaries for _______________________
Diffusion
•
•
Nutrients and Oxygen
__________________________
diffuse into the embryo’s blood
from the mother (for nourishment)
________________________________
diffuse into the mothers
Carbon Dioxide and other wastes
blood for removal
Placenta & Umbilical Cord
The mother’s blood NEVER mixes with the blood of the fetus!!
 Why?
Placenta & Umbilical Cord
Umbilical Cord
 The placenta gets the nutrients
 The nutrients travel through the umbilical cord to the fetus
Placenta & Diffusion
Whatever the mother takes in her body during pregnancy
will diffuse into the growing fetus!
What does this mean:
 Mother smokes  chemicals diffuse into fetus
 Mother does drugs  drugs diffuse into fetus
 Mother eats pizza  nutrients diffuse into fetus
 Mother breathes oxygen  oxygen diffuses into fetus
 Mother breathes carbon monoxide  CO diffuses into
fetus
 Mother drinks alcohol  alcohol diffuse into fetus
Placenta & Diffusion
If an adult smokes, it can cause cancer, poor circulation, and many
other problems. What is damaged in cells from chemicals in cigarettes?
Do you get as much oxygen per breath if you smoke?
This would be horrific for a developing fetus because cells are
differentiating, meaning cells are growing and dividing into the actual
tissues and major organs of the baby!!
If cell division is “messed up” organs will form incorrectly, not
completely or not at all! Less oxygen = low birth weight!
Alcohol = #1 agent that causes defects
• Alcohol shuts down adult livers!
• Imagine the damage it can cause in a fetus
Do the data in the tables justify scientists' conclusions that alcohol
causes physical abnormalities at birth by interfering with the normal
development of the fetus? Defend your position with supporting data.
Baby is Born
Baby is born after 9 months in humans!
The time the baby takes to develop is known as
gestation.
If squeamish do not look
After the baby is born, the placenta will come
out the vagina a few minutes after the baby
…here is what the placenta looks like after the baby is
born