Name: _______________________________
Period:___________________
Unit 1 & 2 Test B
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Wilhelm Wundt's early experiments were
6. The inheritance of behavioral characteristics
attempts to investigate which area of
psychology?
a. the causes of mental illnesses
b. social conformity
c. the simplest mental processes
d. childhood development
e. causes of aggression
2. The method of introspection was used by
Titchener to identify
a. inherited traits.
b. learned responses.
c. maladaptive behaviors.
d. unconscious motives.
e. elements of sensory experience.
3. Which psychologist was the first woman to
receive a Ph.D. in psychology after Harvard
University declined to give Mary Calkins the
Ph.D.?
a. Jean Piaget
b. Francis Bacon
c. Rosalie Rayner
d. Mary Calkins
e. Margaret Washburn
4. Who would have been most likely to ignore
mental processes and to define psychology as
“the scientific study of observable behavior”?
a. John B. Watson
b. Edward Titchener
c. Wilhelm Wundt
d. Jean Piaget
e. William James
5. Who would be most likely to emphasize the
role of the unconscious in affecting behavior?
a. Ivan Pavlov
b. Carl Rogers
c. William James
d. John B. Watson
e. Sigmund Freud
was emphasized by
a. John Locke.
b. John Watson.
c. Wilhelm Wundt.
d. Charles Darwin.
e. B. F. Skinner.
7. Who highlighted the reproductive advantages
of environmentally adaptive traits?
a. Plato
b. Aristotle
c. John Locke
d. Charles Darwin
e. William James
8. Which approach is most directly concerned
with assessing the relative impact of both
nature and nurture on our psychological traits?
a. biopsychosocial
b. cognitive
c. humanistic
d. social-cultural
e. psychodynamic
9. Which perspective most clearly focuses on how
we learn observable responses?
a. evolutionary
b. biological
c. behavioral
d. humanistic
e. psychodynamic
10. Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry
outbursts against her result from his
unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs.
Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior
from a(n) ________ perspective.
a. evolutionary
b. behavioral
c. psychodynamic
d. biological
e. social-cultural
11. Which perspective is most directly concerned
with how the physical properties of the brain
influence behaviors and mental states?
a. cognitive
b. social-cultural
c. psychodynamic
d. behavioral
e. biological
12. Which perspective would focus on the extent to
which different styles of parenting are
encouraged among various ethnic
communities?
a. evolutionary
b. cognitive
c. psychodynamic
d. social-cultural
e. biological
13. Dr. Robinson conducts basic research on the
relationship between brain chemistry and
intellectual functioning. Which psychological
specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best
represent?
a. social psychology
b. clinical psychology
c. biological psychology
d. industrial-organizational psychology
e. developmental psychology
14. Dr. Wilcox conducts basic research on the
behavioral differences between shy and
outgoing people. Dr. Wilcox is most likely a(n)
________ psychologist.
a. clinical
b. biological
c. cognitive
d. industrial-organizational
e. personality
15. Clinical psychologists specialize in
a. constructing surveys.
b. animal research.
c. providing therapy to troubled people.
d. providing drugs to treat behavioral
disorders.
e. treating patients in clinical settings.
16. Mr. Kay is interested in whether individual
differences affect learning. Mr. Kay is most
likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
a. human factors
b. developmental
c. educational
d. social
e. clinical
17. The hindsight bias leads people to perceive
research findings as
a. invalid.
b. unpredictable.
c. inexplicable.
d. unreplicable.
e. unsurprising.
18. Alexandra is told that research supports the
value of cosmetic surgery for boosting selfesteem. Belinda is told that the esteemenhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been
refuted by research. Both women would
consider the findings to be common sense. This
best illustrates the power of
a. random sampling.
b. overconfidence.
c. the hindsight bias.
d. illusory correlation.
e. the double-blind procedure.
19. According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf
Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it
clear from the beginning days of his
international conflicts that Germany would
inevitably lose World War II. The grandfather's
claim best illustrates
a. the hindsight bias.
b. illusory correlation.
c. overconfidence.
d. an illusion of control.
e. random sampling.
20. Our tendency to believe we know more than
we do illustrates
a. naturalistic observation.
b. illusory correlation.
c. overconfidence.
d. the standard deviation.
e. placebo.
21. Sasha believes that she is a very good driver.
Her belief leads her to take unnecessary risks,
such as driving too fast and cutting in front of
other drivers. Sasha's driving appears to be
affected by
a. hindsight bias.
b. overconfidence.
c. intuition.
d. illusory correlations.
e. empiricism.
22. Basing decisions or conclusions on observable
evidence describes which of the following?
a. hindsight bias
b. confirmation bias
c. empirical approach
d. overconfidence
e. operational definition
23. Historians of science describe which three
attitudes as the basis of the scientific
viewpoint?
a. intelligence, dedication, thoroughness
b. morality, detail-orientation, cynicism
c. achievement-oriented, intellectual,
empirical
d. curiosity, skepticism, humility
e. atheism, humanism, cognition
24. Critical thinkers can best be described as
a. questioning.
b. cynical.
c. overconfident.
d. pessimistic.
e. impatient.
25. Hypotheses are best described as
a. assumptions.
b. replications.
c. explanations.
d. confirmations.
e. predictions.
26. Replication involves
a.
b.
c.
d.
the selection of random samples.
perceiving order in random events.
repeating an earlier research study.
rejecting ideas that cannot be scientifically
tested.
e. overestimating the extent to which others
share our views.
27. Which research method is typically used to
examine one participant in depth, usually
because the individual's situation/behavior is
rare or unusual?
a. survey
b. correlation
c. experiment
d. case study
e. scientific method
28. To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the
children attending Oakbridge School, Professor
DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50
of the school's students. In this instance, all the
children attending the school are considered to
be a(n)
a. population.
b. representative sample.
c. independent variable.
d. control condition.
e. dependent variable.
29. To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at
her college, Ariana sent a questionnaire to
every fifteenth person in the college registrar's
alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled
students. Ariana employed the technique of
a. random assignment.
b. naturalistic observation.
c. replication.
d. correlation.
e. random sampling.
30. Which of the following is most useful for
helping survey researchers avoid false
generalizations?
a. the case study
b. naturalistic observation
c. random sampling
d. operational definitions
e. standard deviations.
31. A correlation coefficient is a measure of the
a. difference between the highest and lowest
scores in a distribution.
b. average squared deviation of scores from a
sample mean.
c. direction and strength of the relationship
between two variables.
d. statistical significance of a difference
between two sample means.
e. frequency of scores at each level of some
measure.
32. Redelmeier and Tversky (1996) followed 18
patients with arthritis for 18 months. Patients
were asked to record their pain and joint
tenderness, while researchers documented
changes in the weather. Nearly all patients
believed that their condition was associated
with weather changes, when the actual
correlation was near zero. These participants
need to be reminded that
a. the results may not be statistically
significant.
b. we are likely to recall instances that
confirm our beliefs.
c. the sample size may not have been
representative of the population.
d. the results of correlational studies are
typically highly questionable.
e. subtle changes in how questions are worded
can have major effects on results.
33. Researchers are interested in studying the
impact of drugs on human fetuses. In this case,
why would a correlational study be more
appropriate than an experiment?
a. because cause and effect can only be
determined by a correlational study
b. because correlational studies allow you to
observe behavior in nonartificial
environments
c. because researchers using correlational
studies may generalize to the population
from an atypical case
d. because participants could not be ethically
assigned to an experimental or control
condition
e. because correlational studies permit
researchers to estimate the reported
behaviors of a whole population
34. In a drug treatment study, participants given a
pill containing no actual drug are receiving a(n)
a. random sample.
b. experimental treatment.
c. double-blind.
d. replication.
e. placebo.
35. Which technique most clearly minimizes the
likelihood that any outcome differences
between the experimental and control
conditions can be attributed to age or
personality differences in research participants?
a. replication
b. statistical measurement
c. random assignment
d. operational definitions
e. the double-blind procedure
36. Which of the following is true for those
assigned to the experimental group in an
experiment?
a. The experimenter exerts the greatest
influence on participants' behavior.
b. The research participants are exposed to all
the different hypotheses.
c. The experimental group receives the
experimental treatment
d. The experimental group does not receive
the experimental treatment
e. The operational definition is not applied to
their variables.
37. Which of the following is true for those
assigned to a control group?
a. The experimenter exerts the greatest
influence on participants' behavior.
b. The research participants are exposed to all
the different experimental treatments.
c. The research participants are exposed to the
most favorable levels of experimental
treatment.
d. The experimental treatment is absent.
e. The operational definition is not applied to
their variables.
38. When you read a bar graph, it is most
important for you to
a. understand the concept of the
overconfidence effect.
b. mentally transform the data into a
scatterplot.
c. identify the value of the standard deviation.
d. note the range and size of the scale values.
e. remember that correlation facilitates
prediction.
39. The most commonly reported measure of
central tendency is the
a. mode.
b. mean.
c. normal distribution.
d. median.
e. standard deviation.
40. To understand the British newspaper headline
“Income for 62% Is Below Average,” it is
necessary to appreciate the distinction between
the ________ and the mean.
a. range
b. standard deviation
c. mode
d. correlation
e. median
41. The range is
a. a total population from which samples may
b.
c.
d.
e.
be drawn.
the difference between the highest and
lowest scores in a distribution.
the most commonly used measure of
variation.
the average deviation of scores from the
mean.
the most frequently occurring score in a
distribution of scores.
42. Evelyn wants to know how consistent her
bowling scores have been during the past
season. Which of the following measures
would be most relevant to this specific
concern?
a. mean
b. median
c. scatterplot
d. standard deviation
e. correlation coefficient
43. On a 10-item test, three students in Professor
Hsin's advanced chemistry seminar received
scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively. For this
distribution of test scores, the standard
deviation is equal to the square root of
a. 3.
b. 4.
c. 5.
d. 6.
e. 9.
44. The distributions of which of the following
MSCs of data are most likely to form a normal
curve?
a. scores on a homework assignment
b. years of historical events
c. age in a school grade
d. income
e. height
45. When the observed difference between the
means of an experimental group and control
group are not likely due to chance, researchers
conclude that this difference is
a. positively correlated.
b. highly variable.
c. reliable.
d. statistically significant.
e. experimentally empirical.
46. A soft drink company recently invested in a
new advertising campaign to increase sales.
Which of the following would allow executives
to best judge the results of their latest
commercials?
a. compute the range based on the highest
monthly sales this year with the lowest
sales of last year
b. compare the mean sales of soft drinks with
that of their major competitor
c. compute the mode to determine which soft
drinks have the highest sales
d. compare the means of sales before and after
the beginning of the new campaign to
determine statistical significance
e. compute the median of sales for each of
their product lines, then compare
47. In 1963, Stanley Milgram reported that 65% of
research participants, at the request of the
experimenter, would administer phony shocks
that they considered real, to a stranger. He
demonstrated how obedient humans can be to
authority figures. Some critics contend that
Milgram's findings cannot be used to predict
behavior in real life. How might Milgram
respond to this criticism?
a. “Laboratory research is like 'real life' so
results can be used to predict such
behavior.”
b. “It's impossible to study obedience in the
'real world' so laboratory research is the
only option.”
c. “Laboratory research allows you to identify
general principles that do generalize to
other 'real world' contexts.”
d. “All valuable psychological research is
conducted in the lab. ”
e. “The situation was not artificial, but
justifiable in demonstrating the impact of
the situation on human behavior.”
48. Which of the following are considered to be
limitations of psychological experiments
conducted in laboratory environments?
a. Laboratory experiments allow researchers
to have control over variables.
b. Experiments conducted in laboratories
allow researchers to make causal
inferences.
c. It's difficult to accurately measure the
research variables.
d. Laboratories are artificial environments, so
behavior might not apply to the real world.
e. Researchers tend to ignore ethical
considerations in the pursuit of proving
their hypotheses.
49. Slender women are considered especially
beautiful in one country; in another country,
stout women are seen as particularly attractive.
In both countries, however, women perceived
as very beautiful receive preferential treatment.
This best illustrates that ________ often
underlie cultural differences.
a. negative correlations
b. common psychological processes
c. gender differences
d. unconscious preferences
e. genetic dissimilarities
50. American males shake hands in greeting;
Japanese men bow. However, people can
communicate with a smile. What does this tell
us about the role of culture in understanding
our psychology?
a. Culture shapes our behavior, but certain
underlying processes guide people
everywhere.
b. Psychologists cannot generalize theories to
different cultures because culture is such a
powerful influence on behavior.
c. Culture is a biological force that does not
affect overt social behaviors.
d. Biological differences divide the human
family and our behaviors.
e. An awareness of cultural differences is
unimportant to the study of behavior and
mental processes.
Unit 1 & 2 Test B
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 4 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches
OBJ: 1
Psychological science is born
MSC: Conceptual
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 4 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches
OBJ: 1
Thinking about the mind's structure
MSC: Factual | Definitional
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 5 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches
OBJ: 1
Thinking about the mind's functions
MSC: Factual | Definitional
A
PTS: 1
DIF: Difficult
Page 6 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches
OBJ: 2
Psychological science develops
MSC: Factual | Definitional
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 6 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches
OBJ: 2
Psychological science develops
MSC: Factual | Definitional
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Difficult
Page 8 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches
OBJ: 3
Psychology's biggest question
MSC: Factual | Definitional
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 8 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches
OBJ: 3
Psychology's biggest question
MSC: Factual | Definitional
A
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 10 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches OBJ: 4
Psychology's three main levels of analysis
MSC: Factual | Definitional
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 10 | Page 11 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches
4
TOP: Psychology's three main levels of analysis (text and Table 1.1)
Factual | Definitional
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 10 | Page 11 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches
4
TOP: Psychology's three main levels of analysis (text and Table 1.1)
Conceptual | Application
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 10 | Page 11 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches
4
TOP: Psychology's three main levels of analysis (text and Table 1.1)
Factual | Definitional
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 10 | Page 11 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches
4
TOP: Psychology's three main levels of analysis (text and Table 1.1)
Conceptual
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 13 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches OBJ: 5
Psychology's subfields
MSC: Conceptual | Application
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
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Page 13 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches OBJ: 5
Psychology's subfields
MSC: Conceptual | Application
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 13 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches OBJ: 5
Psychology's subfields
MSC: Factual | Definitional
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 13 | Section- Psychology's History and Approaches OBJ: 5
Psychology's subfields
MSC: Conceptual | Application
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 20 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
1
TOP: Hindsight bias
MSC: Factual | Definitional
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 20 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
1
TOP: Hindsight bias
MSC: Conceptual | Application
A
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 20 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
1
TOP: Hindsight bias
MSC: Conceptual | Application
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 21 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
1
TOP: Overconfidence
MSC: Factual | Definitional
B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 22 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
1
TOP: Overconfidence
MSC: Conceptual | Application
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 22 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
2
TOP: The scientific attitude
MSC: Factual | Definitional
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 23 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
2
TOP: The scientific attitude
MSC: Conceptual
A
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 24 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
2
TOP: Critical thinking
MSC: Factual | Definitional
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 25 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
3
TOP: The scientific method
MSC: Factual | Definitional
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 26 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
3
TOP: The scientific method
MSC: Factual | Definitional
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 26 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
4
TOP: The case study
MSC: Factual | Definitional
A
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 28 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
4
TOP: The survey
MSC: Conceptual | Application
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 28 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
4
TOP: The survey
MSC: Conceptual | Application
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 28 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
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TOP: The survey
MSC: Factual | Definitional
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PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 29 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
5
TOP: Correlation MSC: Factual | Definitional
B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 32 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
6
TOP: Illusory correlations
MSC: Conceptual | Application
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 34 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
7
TOP: Experimentation
MSC: Conceptual
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 35 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
7
TOP: Random assignment
MSC: Factual | Definitional
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 34 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
7
TOP: Random Assignment
MSC: Factual | Definitional
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 35 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
7
TOP: Random assignment
MSC: Factual | Definitional
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 35 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
7
TOP: Random assignment
MSC: Factual | Definitional
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 37 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
8
TOP: Describing data
MSC: Factual | Definitional
B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 38 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
9
TOP: Measures of central tendency
MSC: Factual | Definitional
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 38 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
9
TOP: Measures of central tendency
MSC: Factual | Definitional
B
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 39 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
10
TOP: Measures of variation
MSC: Factual | Definitional
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 39 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
10
TOP: Measures of variation
MSC: Conceptual | Application
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 39 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
10
TOP: Measures of variation (Table 2.4) MSC: Conceptual | Application
E
PTS: 1
DIF: Difficult
Page 40 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
10
TOP: Measures of variation
MSC: Conceptual | Application
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 41 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
12
TOP: Making inferences/When is a difference significant?
Conceptual | Application
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 41 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
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TOP: Making inferences/When is a difference significant?
Conceptual | Application
C
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 42 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
13
TOP: Psychology applied/laboratory experiments
Conceptual | Application
D
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 42 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
13
TOP: Psychology applied/laboratory experiments
Factual | Definitional
B
PTS: 1
DIF: Medium
Page 43 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
14
TOP: Psychology applied/culture and gender
Conceptual | Application
A
PTS: 1
DIF: Easy
Page 43 | Section- Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science
14
TOP: Psychology applied/culture and gender
Conceptual | Application