ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOUND IN ALL LIVING ORGANISMS: REVIEW: What does it mean to be organic? -Contains Carbon -Can decompose Organic Compounds found in living organisms: 1. Carbohydrates (C,H,O) -provide quick energy 2. Proteins (C,H,O,N,S) -build, maintain and repair our bodies. 3. Lipids (C,H,O) -stored energy 4. Nucleic Acid (C,H,O,N,P) - stores and transmits our genetic code. 2 www.brainybetty.com 98% of the body is made up of: Sulfur 1% Phosphorus 1% Oxygen 63% Nitrogen 5% Carbon 19% Hydrogen 9% CHNOPS 3 www.brainybetty.com Remaining 2% are “Trace Elements”: -occur in very small amounts which vary person to person based on the food they eat. Calcium…Ca Iron….Fe Chlorine…Cl Potassium…K Magnesium…Mg Sodium……Na 4 www.brainybetty.com YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT……. 5 www.brainybetty.com Carbohydrates: Protein: Lipids: 6 www.brainybetty.com Carbohydrates/sugars: Roles: 1. Provide quick energy 2. Play a structural role in plants, bacteria and some animals. 3. Makes up parts of our cell membranes. 7 www.brainybetty.com Carbohydrates are made up of: 8 Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen In a 1:2:1 ratio www.brainybetty.com Three types of Carbohydrates: -each is based on # of molecules bonded together 9 Let’s review: mono = one di = two poly= many saccharide= sugar S S S S S S www.brainybetty.com S Monosaccharides: 10 1. Monosaccharides: -mono means……… -1 -one single sugar molecule Chemical formula (1:2:1 ratio): C6H12O6 www.brainybetty.com S Monosaccharides provides us with: - instant energy (0 to 20 min) -simplest form of a sugar -does not need to be digested -just needs to be absorbed into our blood and taken to our …... CELLS 11 www.brainybetty.com Every cell in the human body, all 50 trillion of them, is less than 1mm away from a blood vessel/capillary. -Cells can easily exchange food molecules , oxygen and cell waste with our blood. 12 www.brainybetty.com 13 www.brainybetty.com 3 Types of Monosaccharides: 14 -have the same chemical formulas of C6H12O6 but they have a slightly different shapes. Known as ISOMERS. ISO = equal (same chemical formulas) www.brainybetty.com 1. Glucose 15 -made by plants during photosynthesis -found in all green plant products. S -C6H12O6 www.brainybetty.com 2. Fructose 16 S -Found in all fruits. -C6H12O6 www.brainybetty.com 3. Galactose 17 -Found in dairy products -C6H12O6 S www.brainybetty.com Quick Review 18 Carbs provide us with quick energy. Monosaccharides are made up of one single sugar molecule. Monosaccharides are in their simplest form….does not need to be digested. www.brainybetty.com S 2nd type of carbohydrate: 19 Disaccharides: Di means….. 2 Two monosaccharides bonded together. S S www.brainybetty.com Chemical Formula: S C6H12O6 C6H12O6 + S H2O S S C12H24O12 C12H22O11 www.brainybetty.com 20 Remove water is to dehydrate Disaccharides provide us with: -energy within approximately 2 hours after eating them. -this is because they must be digested down into their simplest form ……monosaccharides. -Where are they digested? -mouth or small intestines S H2 O 21 S S Energy is released when the bond is www.brainybetty.com broken. S 3 Types of Disaccharides: 22 1. Sucrose C12H22O11 Fructose Glucose -2 monos from plants bonded together -Commonly known as table sugar -Comes from sugar cane (a green plant) www.brainybetty.com 2. Maltose Glucose Glucose C12H22O11 -2 monos from plants bonded together - Malt grain….used to make beer and other alcohols. 23 www.brainybetty.com 3. Lactose Glucose Galactose C12H22O11 -2 monos bonded together -found in dairy products Did you know????? -Lactose needs to be digested with the enzyme lactase. Some people do not have this enzyme so they are “lactose intolerant”. 24 www.brainybetty.com Dehydration Synthesis: -dehydrate…remove water -synthesis….to make -to make by removing water -this is what occurs when two monos bond together to create a disaccharide by removing one water molecule. 25 www.brainybetty.com Dehydration Synthesis H2O Glucose 26 Galactose Glucose Galactose www.brainybetty.com Hydrolysis: -hydro…..water -lysis…… to break open Hydrolysis occurs when we add water to a disaccharide when we need to break it down or digest it. 27 www.brainybetty.com Hydrolysis H2O Glucose 28 Galactose Glucose Galactose www.brainybetty.com rd 3 type of Carb 29 Polysaccharides: -poly means….. many - many (more than 3 and up to 4000 ) monosaccharides bonded together. S S S S www.brainybetty.com S S Must be digested. Takes up to 24 hours to be totally digested. Each bond between the monos must be broken. Made up of 3 to 4000 monos so there is not one common chemical formula. S 30 S S S www.brainybetty.com S S 3 Types of Polysaccharides: 31 1. Starch -how plants store excess glucose -made up of 4000+ glucose molecules bonded together in a long chain. www.brainybetty.com 2. Glycogen How animals store excess glucose. When we eat excess carbs our liver converts them into glycogen to be stored. If we still do not use it then the glycogen is converted into fat for storage. 32 www.brainybetty.com 3. Cellulose -used by plants for structure and support. -humans can not digest cellulose -cellulose passes out as the “bulk” of our feces. 33 www.brainybetty.com