Fall 2012
ITEC 450
MODULE 2
DATABASE INSTALLATION AND
CONFIGURATION
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Section 3: Database Design
PHASE OF DATABASE DESIGN
Fall 2012
ITEC 450
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DB DESIGN
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
Conceptual Database Design
 The process of constructing a model of the
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information used in an enterprise, independent of
all physical considerations
 Logical Database Design
 The process of constructing a model of the
information used in an enterprise based on a
specific data model, but independent of a
particular DBMS and other physical
considerations.

Physical Database Design
 The process of producing a description of the
implementation of the database on secondary
storage; it describes the storage structures and
access methods used to archieve efficient access
to the data
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PHASE 2: CONCEPTUAL DB DESIGN
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DBMS-independent high-level data model
 Conceptual schema design
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Characteristics: expressiveness, simplicity and
understandability, minimalism, diagrammatic representation,
formality
 Approaches: centralized vs. view integration
 Outcome: E-R schema
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Transaction design (application )
Technique: identify input/out and functional behavior
 Categories: retrieval, update, and mixed
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ENTITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL
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Steps to create E-R model:
 Create entities
 Identify key attributes
 Relate each entity via relationships
 Add detailed attributes
 Define cardinality
 Verify all business operations
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ENTITY RELATIONSHIP MODEL
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 Entity Types
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An object or concept that is identified by the enterprise as having an
independent existence
 Attributes
A property of an entity or a relationship type
 Relationship Types
A meaningful association among entity types
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NORMALIZATION
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Normalization
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 A technique for producing a set of relations with desirable
properties, given the data requirements of an enterprise
 UNF is a table that contains one or more repeating groups
 1NF is a relation in which the intersection of each row and column contains one
and only one value
 2NF is a relation that is in 1NF and every non-primary-key attribute is fully
functionally dependent on the primary key.
 3NF is a relation that is in 1NF, 2NF in which no non-primary-key attribute is
transitively dependent on the primary key
 BCNF is a relation in which every determinant is a candidate key
 4NF is a relation that is in BCNF and contains no trivial multi-valued dependency
 5NF is a relation that contains no join dependency
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PHASE 4: LOGICAL DB DESIGN
System-independent mapping

From DBMS-independent EER to relational models
Tailoring the schemas to a specific DBMS
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Define data types
 Create specific constraints
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Result of this phase: DDL statements that specify the
conceptual and external level schemas (not physical
design parameters yet)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF RELATIONAL MODEL
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PHASE 5: PHYSICAL DB DESIGN
Choosing specific storage structures


Designing access paths

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Indexing, clustering, and hashing
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Storage configuration
File organization
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Criteria
Response time
 Space utilization
 Transaction throughput

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PHYSICAL DESIGN PROCESS
Volume
relations
Attribute data types
estimates
Physical record
descriptions (doesn’t always
match logical design)
Attribute definitions
Response time
Data
expectations
security needs
Backup/recovery needs
Integrity expectations
DBMS
technology used
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Normalized
Decisions
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Inputs
Leads to
File
organizations
Indexes and
database
architectures
Query optimization
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FILE ORGANIZATION PRINCIPLES
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Fast data retrieval
 High throughput for I/O
 Efficient use of storage space
 Protection from failures or data loss
 Accommodating growth

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INDEXED FILE ORGANIZATIONS



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is a data structure used to
determine the location of rows in a file for
quick retrieval
 Indexing design:
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 Index
B-tree index – a keyed, treelike index structure
Bitmap index – a separate string of zeros and ones used
for a column with a very small number of distinct values
Hash Index – a transformed key value using a hash
algorithm
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Fall 2012
ITEC 450
MODULE 2
DATABASE INSTALLATION AND
CONFIGURATION
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Section 4: Oracle Database Creation
ASSIGNMENT 3-1-1: DO NOT CREATE A
STARTER DATABASE DURING INSTALLATION
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ENTERPRISE EDITION
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SUMMARY OF INSTALLATION
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CREATING DATABASE
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CREATING DATABASE
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CREATING DATABASE
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DBCA CREATION DEMO
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CHOOSING CONFIGURATION
Important configuration tasks:

Choose a database type

Transactional, data warehouse, or hybrid
How should the database be managed?

OEM Grid Control or OEM Database Control
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Decide on the DBA authentication method
 Select a storage mechanism
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Decide on the file management method
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OS, ASM, or raw devices
Specified or set using OMF
Set the initial parameters (init.ora)
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DBA AUTHENTICATION METHODS
SYSDBA: ADMIN role and can CREATE DATABASE
 SYSOPER: has system privileges to start up, shut
down, and back up the database, and modify
database components
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The DBA authentication method encompasses
the method used to validate logon of users with
the SYSDBA or SYSOPER role
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Two authentication methods:
OS authentication
 Password file authentication
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OPERATING SYSTEM (OS) AUTHENTICATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Create OS user for the DBA
Unix only: Create an OSDBA group
Optional: Create an OSOPER group
Set the initialization parameter
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORDFILE to NONE
Assign OS user to OSDBA or OSOPER group
Create Oracle user in DB with same name
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
User logs without specifying user
name/password
To set up OS authentication, follow these steps:
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To log on to SQL*Plus using OS authentication:
sqlplus /nolog
CONNECT /@ORACLASS AS SYSDBA
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PASSWORD FILE AUTHENTICATION

Create a new password file (orapwd)
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Encrypted file contains user names and
passwords
To set up password file authentication:
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Windows: PWD<sid>.ORA, in
ORACLE_HOME\database
Unix: orapw<sid>.ora, typically in ORACLE_HOME/dbs
REMOTE_LOGIN_PASSWORD FILE =
EXCLUSIVE
2. Log on to DB with SYSDBA privileges
3. Create the new DBA user name if needed
4. Grant SYSDBA or SYSOPER privilege to user
1.
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INITIALIZATION PARAMETERS
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INITIALIZATION PARAMETERS
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INITIALIZATION PARAMETERS
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CREATING DATABASE
To create a database you can use:

You can use the DBCA tool to generate scripts for
creating a database manually
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Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA tool)
 CREATE DATABASE command
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You can use these scripts if you have multiple
consistent databases to create at different sites
CREATE DATABASE gives you greater
flexibility but unnecessary complexity with
settings

You do need to be familiar with its syntax
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DBCA – CHOOSE TEMPLATE
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DBCA – NAME DATABASE
NOTE: FILL GLOBAL DATABASE NAME ONLY, SID WILL BE FILLED AUTOMATICALLY.
YOU WILL USE A DIFFERENT SID FOR YOUR ASSIGNMENT.
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DBCA – DBA PASSWORDS
NOTE: HERE IS SYS AND SYSTEM PASSWORD DEFINED.
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DBCA – ADD SAMPLE SCHEMAS
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DBCA – STORAGE
NOTE: HERE IS THE PLACE TO DELETE REDO LOG GROUP 3
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DBCA – CREATE DATABASE
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DBCA – DATABASE CREATED
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PHYSICAL DATABASE STRUCTURE
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Network files under:
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C:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\a
dmin\orcl450
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Initialization and Administration files under:
C:\app\Administrator\product\11.2.0\dbhome_1\n
etwork\admin
Main types of files – data files, control files, redo log files.
Initialization files – init.ora, SPFILE
Network files – tnsnames.ora, listener.ora
Administration files – alert.log, trace files
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STARTING AND STOPPING THE
INSTANCE AND DATABASE
To shut down a running database using
SQL*Plus:

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Start a Command Prompt window (or shell)
2. Start up SQL*Plus without logging: sqlplus
/nolog
3. Connect as SYS with SYSDBA
CONNECT SYS/<password>@trial01 AS SYSDBA
4. Type SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE and press Enter
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
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There are four options for SHUTDOWN:

NORMAL, TRANSACTIONAL, IMMEDIATE,
ABORT
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STARTING AND STOPPING THE
INSTANCE AND DATABASE
To start DB, change step 4 in previous slide:
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PFILE parameter needed if you have not created the
SPFILE
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STARTUP
PFILE=ORACLE_BASE\admin\trial01\pfile\inittrial01.ora
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STARTUP options:

NOMOUNT, MOUNT, OPEN, PFILE
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THE ALERT LOG AND TRACE FILES
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
All critical errors will be written to the alert log
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The alert log is essential because it will contain
all the essential information for the smooth
running of your database
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Trace files contain more detailed log and tracing
information about general processing

Trace files can be used to track down problems not
causing critical failures, generally using special tools

E.g. , TKPROF
Note: Some of the slides are from Oracle 10g Database
Administrator: Implementation and Administration by Gavin
Powell and Carol McCullough-Dieter
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