4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
KEY CONCEPT
The cells of all organisms need chemical energy to carry
out their life sustaining processes.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
What do the cells need chemical energy for?
• To move
• To reproduce
• To grow
• To actively transport materials across the cell
membrane
(Ex. Endocytosis, exocytosis, sodium-potassium
pumps)
• To carry out chemical reactions –Activation Energy
Ex. Photosynthesis, respiration , All metabolism
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Energy is stored in Food Molecules
• Chemical E is stored in the organic molecules
found in food.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• Carbohydrates and lipid molecules are the most
important energy containing molecules in foods
we eat.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
1. AUTOTROPHS –
MAKE THEIR OWN FOOD MOLECULES
USING ENERGY AND CARBON DIOXIDE
(CO2) gas FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
*
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
2 Groups of Autotrophs
• Photoautotrophs
• Chemoautotrophs
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Photoautotroph – use light E to make
their food through Photosynthesis
CyanoBacteria
Protists (Algae)
Plants
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Chemoautotrophs use chemical E
to make their food through
Chemosynthesis
Ex. Archaebacteria
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Autotrophs make the
organic compounds that serve as
food for themselves and all other
organisms on Earth
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
2. Heterotrophs –
Organisms that eat other organisms (or
their products) to obtain energy and
carbon compounds
• Animals
• Fungus
• Some Protists
• Most Bacteria
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Are We Autotrophs or Heterotrophs?
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Autotroph or Heterotroph?
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
but it can be changed from one form to
another
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Energy Transformations that
Support Life
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Two processes are needed to
convert the sun’s light energy into
chemical energy the cell can use.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
and
CELL RESPIRATION
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
In photosynthesis, sunlight E is transformed
into chemical E stored in food molecules
Starch
Glucose
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
In cell respiration, the chemical E stored in
food molecules is released and repackaged
into high energy molecules called ATP the
cells can use.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
What happens to the E released from
food in cellular respiration?
It is used to make high energy
molecules called
ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
What is ATP?
ATP stands for the molecule
Adenosine Triphosphate
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• ATP is a high energy containing molecule
used by all cells to carry out cellular
functions..
• Sodium-Potassium Pump
• Muscle contraction
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
ATP – ADP
adenosine
triphosphate
ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate
adenosine
ADP – Adenosine Diphosphate
diphosphate
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
The ATP – ADP cycle
ATP –High energy molecule ADP –Low energy molecule
phosphate removed
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• When ATP loses a phosphate molecule it gives
off E and becomes ADP.
• The E given off is used to power chemical
reactions in the cell
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• When ADP gains E and a phosphate molecule,
it becomes “recharged” to form ATP.
• The E source to “recharge” ADP comes from
the breakdown of food through respiration.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
• This process is called the
ATP – ADP Cycle
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
Removing a Phosphate - Release Energy “use the battery”
ATP
Energy + P + ADP
Adding a Phosphate – Stores Energy “recharge battery”
ADP + Energy + P
ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
This is constantly occuring in every
cell of your body, millions of times
a minute!
• The E given off is used to power every
chemical reaction occuring in the cell
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
ATP to ADP
Recharging your body’s batteries
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP