Renaissance and
Reformation
Chapter 13
Bell Ringer
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Set-up Notebook for New Section
– Chapter 13: Renaissance, Reformation,
and Scientific Revolution
– Update Table of Contents
The Renaissance
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The word renaissance means rebirth
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Secular and urban
They spent a lot of time recovering from previous
disasters (plague, Crusades, etc.)
They developed a high regard for human worth
– “Men can do all things if they will”
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Leonardo da Vinci: a painter, architect, inventor and
mathematician
The Renaissance
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Niccolò Machiavelli
wrote The Prince
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Acquire and keep
power
Rejected the idea
that a prince should
follow ethics and
morals because
humans, by nature
are self-centered
The Renaissance
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Baldassare Castiglone
– The Book of
Courtier
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perfect
characteristics of
a Renaissance
Nobility.
The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance
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Humanism: the study of Greek and Roman
classics
– Studied grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy
and history
– Create complete, moral citizens
– Petrarch: father of the Italian Renaissance
Humanism
• Rejected scholastic philosophy
Humanist Thinkers
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Sir Thomas More
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Christian Humanist
Advocated Women
and Education
Utopia
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Story of a fictional
island society
Demonstrated a more
perfect society
Chapter 13 Vocabulary
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Humanism
Fresco
Renaissance
Indulgences
Protestant
Calvinism
Peace of Augsburg
Individualism
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Realism
Excommunication
Jesuits
Anabaptist
Lutheranism
Anglican
Act of Supremacy
Relics
Renaissance Art
Chapter 13
Renaissance Art
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Renaissance artists sought to imitate life
and nature in their works (REALISM)
– Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and
Michelangelo
– Most art was religious or portraits… paid for
my rich people and the church
Renaissance Art
Fresco, painting with wet plaster and
water based paint, was one technique
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Used by Da Vinci in The Last Supper
Renaissance Art
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Individualism: more focus on
individuals than God (portraits)
Realism: realistic and emotions
Antiquity (Greek/Rome Inspired):
statues and architecture
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Mona Lisa
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Example of
individualism and
realism
The Protestant
Reformation
Chapter 13
The Protestant Reformation
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The Protestant Reformation split the
Church into Catholic and Protestant
groups
– Started with Christian humanism
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Wanted to reform the Catholic Church
The Protestant Reformation
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Christian humanists believed
• Everyone should read the Bible
• To change society first change the
members of society
– Erasmus believed that Christianity should
show people how to be good people
• The external things, pilgrimages, fasts,
and relics, were not important
The Protestant Reformation
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Complaints against the church:
– Church too concerned with money
• Indulgences: release of sins for money
• Relics
• Pilgrimages
– Corruption of church officials
– Breaking of Vows
• Children out of wedlock
• Affairs with women
The Protestant Reformation
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Martin Luther
– Questioned the idea of
indulgences
– Taught that …
• salvation came from the heart
of an individual
• People should read the Bible
for themselves
• Only faith could save people
The Protestant Reformation
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October 31, 1517 Luther
sent Ninety-Five Theses
to his church superiors
– 95 complaints he had
against the church.
• Attacked
– Indulgences
– Chasity
– Lack of
Vernacular Bible
The Protestant Reformation
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Luther was excommunicated, 1521
Luther was summoned to court as a heretic
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Refused to recant
Luther goes into hiding
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Prints the Bible in German
Becomes popular with the people
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Lutheranism=new religion
Christianity splits into two
Protestantism Spreads
Chapter 13
The Spread of Protestantism and the
Catholic Response
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John Calvin and Calvinism
– The Institutes of the Christian Religions
– Luther and Calvin will agree on most
things, except predestination.
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Anabaptist
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Baptism should be done as an adult
Any male could be the leader of the church
Bible was a literal work
The Wives of Henry VIII
The Wives of Henry VIII
Anne Boleyn
Katherine Howard
Katherine Parr
Anne of Cleves
Jane Seymour
Catherine of Aragon
Anglican Reformation
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Rooted in Politics and Not
Religion
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Wanted a divorce from
Catherine
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Wanted a male heir
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Pope refused
annulment
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Henry VIII and the Act of
Supremacy
Edward VI, son
Mary I, eldest daughter
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Attempted to restore
Catholicism
Elizabeth I, youngest
daughter
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Brought Protestantism
back to England
Catholic Reformation
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Society of Jesus
(Jesuits)
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Ignatius Loyola
Educate and bring
the Gospel to the
people
Ended corruption
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Council of Trent
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Faith and Good
Deeds
Clear Teachings
Unified Belief
Scientific Revolution
Chapter 13
Scientific Revolution
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Changing how we view the universe
– Nicolaus Copernicus: heliocentric
universe (sun-centered)
– Johannes Kepler: oval-shaped orbit
(ellipse)
– Galileo Galilei: claimed the earth moves
and the planets were imperfect.
Scientific Revolution
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Scientific Method
– Frances Bacon: experimentation and
observation
– Rene Descartes: human reasoning and
search for true knowledge
– Both challenged the Medieval
Scholarship
Scientific Revolution
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Scientific Breakthroughs
– Andreas Vesalius: accurate and detailed
study of the human body
– Robert Boyle: all matter is composed of
tiny particles; composition of matter
– Isaac Newton: Law of gravity; all motion
can be explained mathematically
Renaissance Mobile
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Sir Thomas More
Baldassare Castiglone
Niccolò Machiavelli
Leonardo da Vinci
Raphael
Erasmus
Galileo Galilei
Francis Bacon
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Michelangelo
Martin Luther
John Calvin
King Henry VIII
Queen Elizabeth I
Ignatius Loyola
Rene Descartes
Isaac Newton