1. Which is the least specific type of immunity? a. Innate b. Adaptive c. Humoral d. Cell-mediated
2. Which is a beneficial result of fever? a. Denaturing of enzymes b. Sequestering of liver iron and zinc  also metabolic and kill bacteria c. Slower metabolic rate d. Reduced thymopoietin release
3. The chief antibody-mediated mechanism used against cellular antigens, such as bacteria, is: a. Antibody production b. Inflammation c. Complement fixation d. Opsonization  marks foreign substances for destruction
4. The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called: a. Chemotaxis b. Edema c. Transmigration d. Neutralization
5. The most important line of defense used by the innate defense system is: a. Antibody production b. Orchestration of the immune response c. Inflammation d. Lysozymes e. Skin
6. Kupffer cells of the liver and brain microglia are: a. Migratory macrophages b. Fixed macrophages c. Nonspecific cancer killing cells d. Cells that aid in the production of antibodies
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7. Which type of cell produces antibodies? a. Plasma cells b. Memory B Cells c. Helper T Cells d. Cytotoxic T Cells
8. Which is true about the number of binding sites per functional antibody unit? a. IgD contains 1 binding site  2 b. IgA contains 5 binding sites  4 c. IgE contains 4 binding sites  2 d. IgG contains 3 binding sites  2 e. IgM contains 10 binding sites
9. Which of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease? a. Hypersensitivity b. Glomerulonephritis c. Diabetes Type II d. Systemic lupus erythematosus e. Multiple sclerosis
10. Human cells infected with a virus or intracellular parasite can only be eliminated with the work of: a. Plasma cells b. T lymphocytes c. Macrophages d. Memory B Cells e. Eosinophils
11. Which of the following is a characteristic of antibodies? a. Composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains b. Carbohydrate structure c. Incapable of being transferred from one person to another d. Has three binding sites per antibody monomer
12. Antibody receptor variability is produced by: a. Swapping of antibody heavy chains between different antibody proteins b. Selective splicing of VDJ segments of antibody producing genes c. Selective splicing of antibody gene regulatory elements d. Plasma cells swapping the V regions of their antibody heavy chains
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13. Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency. a. The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft versus host (GVH) disease b. Hodgkin’s disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children c. The causative agent in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that interferes CD4 receptors d. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition
14. ____ pressure is the pressure within the alveoli of your lungs. a. Atmospheric pressure b. Transpumonary Pressure c. Intrapleural pressure d. Intrapulmonary pressure
15. Inspiratory capacity is: a. The sum of all lung volumes  Total Lung Capacity (TLC) b. The total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration c. The total amount of air that is left after a tidal expiration  Functional Residual
Capacity (FRC) d. Amount of air that can be completely inspired past tidal volume  IRV
16. When you relax the respiratory muscles including your diaphragm, you create a ___ volume in your lungs and ___ intrapulmonary pressure a. Lower, greater b. Greater, lower c. Lower, lower d. Greater, greater
17. When a person hyperventilates until they faint, they faint because they have induced a. A myocardial infarction b. Respiratory acidosis c. Respiratory alkalosis d. COPD
18. The factors responsible for holding the lungs open include a. The changing volume of the lungs b. Surface tension of pleural fluid and no outside opening to the pleural cavity c. The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles d. The smooth muscles of the lungs
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19. Select the correct statement about oxygen transport in blood. a. Increased arterial pH enhances hemoglobin’s oxygen-carrying capacity b. A 50% oxygen saturation level of blood in pulmonary arteries might indicate an activity level higher than normal c. During normal activity, a molecule of hemoglobin in pulmonary arteries contains four molecules of O
2 d. During conditions of acidosis, hemoglobin is able to carry oxygen more efficiently
20. With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released to the tissues because: a. An increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond b. A decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond c. An increase in pH (alkalosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond d. A decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
21. Urine formation consists of three main mechanisms. Which is NOT one of those mechanisms? a. Filtration b. Secretion c. Reabsorption d. Cell migration
22. The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of: a. Plasma protein b. Glucose c. Electrolytes d. Hormones
23. The body responds to a drop in pH by secreting ____ in the proximal convoluted tubule a. Less H+ b. More H+ c. Less HCO
3
d. More HCO
3
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24. The function of Angiotensin II is to: a. Decrease the production of aldosterone b. Decrease water absorption c. Decrease arteriole blood pressure d. Constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
25. Which is the site of filtration? a. Proximal convoluted tubule b. Glomerulus c. Juxtaglomerular apparatus
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d. Loop of Henle
26. Which is a site of reabsorption but NOT secretion? a. Proximal convoluted tubule b. Glomerulus c. Juxtaglomerular apparatus d. Loop of Henle
27. Which hormone promotes a higher urine volume? a. Angiotensin II b. Antidiuretic hormone c. Atrial natriuretic peptide d. Renin
28. The descending limb of the Loop of Henle is highly permeable to a. Water b. Ions  ascending limb c. Protein d. Hormones
29. Which of the following is an abnormal constituent of urine? a. Water b. Protein c. Urea d. Sodium
30. Granular cells respond to a. Changes in solute content of the filtrate b. Antidiuretic hormone c. Aldosterone d. Renin secretions when blood pressure is low
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