Social Movements:
A Means of Classifying Types of
Social Movements in Terms of
Organization
• a. Potential members must define the
situation- see movement goals outside
everyday life….
• They begin to label the situation as
unordinary unusual, extra-ordinary….
The Nature of Collective
Behaviour
• The question of form….ideal type….pure
case….
• Social Movements are organized, rational,
purposive.
• Initial development resemble collective
behaviour but SMs move beyond this
through organization
Second Social Movements
require a suspension of the
attitude of everyday life by
relatively large numbers of
people
• b.
• c. They must be accompanied
by action defined by
participants and observers
• …
• d.
Finally, suspension of usual
attitudes must be accompanied by
heightened emotional arousal
•
•
• Somehow social movement must move
beyond the normal, normative day to day
activities
• Member must become mobilized in search
of goal….
Social Movement Theory
•
•
•
•
Contagion,
convergence,
emergent norm
and rational calculus views have limited
understanding
Social Movement Theory
• What is required is a
comprehensive approach that
allows for more complex and
variable forms to be considered
under the study of collective
behaviour.
Social movement• SMs are conscious and purposive structure
types of collective behaviour.
• They contrast with other collective
behaviour forms such as crowds,
crazes…which represent only incipient
stages of on-going social movements.
• Few studies exist of social
movements as complex
organizations
…Social movements are
complex•
•
•
•
•
They require leadership
Information
Hierarchy
Commitment
On-going progress
Example:Orange Movement
• =Orange Lodge-Orange Lodge was
charitable organization that helped in
coming Protestants in Ontario, Instrumental
in Providing Charity before the Welfare
State, Important for Schools-ie Oliver
Mowat.
Social movements embody a
structure of:
•
•
•
•
•
•
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
roles
positions
norms
values
leadership
Key Variables
•
1.
Organization Goals-inward (expressive)
or outward (instrumental)
2. Conditions for membership-recruiting,
screening, rewards
Inclusive Organizations
•
1.
2.
3.
OUTWARD
-do not have rigorous screening
-minimal levels of initial commitment
-short indoctrination periods
Exclusive Organization
•
•
•
•
•
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•
Inward
-rigorous controls
-requires recruits to subject themselves to
organizational discipline,
orders,
heavy initial commitment
Mixed Organizations
• Purposes varied:
• -reveals a sharing of diverse goals• difference often between leadership and
membership
• The goals of the organization are unclear
Incentives for Participation
•
• 1. Solidarity types-association, socializing,
congeniality, sense of group membership,
identification
• 2. Purposive types-intangible but they derive
from stated ends of the association rather than
from the simple act of associating
• 3. Functional types
• -Goals, Environments, Internal Structure
Conclusion
• Social Movements are associated with a
vortex of social change…
• Studies of the structure, function, and
dynamics of such organizations can
contribute to overall study of how society
resists and implements change
. Resource Mobilization and
Social Movements:
• The most useful so far has been:
• The resource mobilization
approach emphasizes both societal
support and constraint of social
movement phenomena.
•
Resource Mobilization
Emphasizes:
•
1. links to other groups
2. dependence on external support
3. tactics used by authorities to control and
incorporate social movements
R.M. =Conflict Theory
•
• The approach emphasizes political
economic rather than social psychology…
• Smelser, Turner and Killian, show that the
ability or inability of societies to reduce
grievances is key to understanding the
foundation of Social Movement.
Summary
• The discontent in the social order,
problems with the existing social structure
are all key in understanding whether or not
a social movement can become organized.
Early Mobilzation of Social
• A stage when issues and goals become
formulated, collective action is shaped.
• Two key processes revolve around power,
leadership and hierarchy
Initially
• Leadership roles must undergo elaboration
•
• Intiation by Charismatic leader and other
appointments
• Weber SM require charismatic authority
to gain momentum.
Forms of Authority•
According to Max Weber’s ideal types
there have been three major forms
authority include:
1. Charismatic,
2. Traditional,
3. Rational legal.
Charismatic authority
• a. Charismatic authority- is defined as
power legitimated by..
• Extraordinary personal abilities that inspire
devotion and obedience.
• Ie. Jesus Christ, Mohammed, Martin Luther
Charisma `the cult of
personality’
• Examples:
• Jesus Christ, Ghandi, Martin Luther
King, Trudeau in Canada
• Charismatic movements are very
dependent on their leaders.
• Long term persistence of the movement
requires the routinization of charisma.
•
Ie. Christianity
• For example, Christ the charismatic leader
dies.
• But Christ’s charisma was routinized in
the traditions and bureaucratic structure of
the Roman Catholic Church.
• Protestant Reformation=rational legal
authority
Traditional Authority•
•
Traditional Authority-power legitimated
by respect for long-established cultural
patterns.
Traditional authority -ritual, repetitive
behaviour, it is bond by numerous social
norms as opposed to formalized rules and
laws.
Traditional authority declines
• Traditional authority declines as preindustrial societies give way to
industrialized social forms.
• Yet traditional authority can remain in
rational legal systems…
• I.e parental domination over children,
• male domination of women.
Rational Legal Authority
1. Modern authority is legitimated through
rational laws and regulations.
2. Modern authority is carried out through
bureaucratic means.
3. Modern power imprisons man like an iron
cage…
Social Movement Org.
Differ
a.Member oriented –I.e religious community
b.Action oriented
c. Mainstream vs. subcultural values
d.Membership compliance-pure ideologists,
backsliders,
•
Achievement Based Upon:
a.Focus whether the collectivity pursues
change in the existing order-social, political
moral
b.Direction - service to membership (AA)
•
•
c. Public opinion- whether the climate of
public opinion is favourable or
unfavourable]
d. Concentration-social or member issues
vs. public opinion
e. Clear External Target-seeking additional
public support, greater resources, larger
membership
• Public Support for Cultish Groups ie.
Moonies-deprogramming, programming,
•
Exclusion vs. Inclusion
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-Exclusive movement
-member serving,
influence peddling,
strategies of secrecy,
isolation, strict boundaries.
Social control through isolation and
socialization,
Inclusive
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•
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Inclusive -People Serving Groups
favourable environmental supportself improvement groups
lifestyle change groups.
Simpler strategies,
more evolutionary in nature.