Heat, Energy and Phase
Change
Chemistry
Lowell High School 2006-2007
3/5/07 to …
Agenda
 FYI’s
 Survey
 Extra Credit
 Acid Base Titration Lab
 Energy Concepts
 Phase Diagrams
Monday, March 5, 2007
FYI
 Science Survey
3/7 Wednesday
(check website)
 Preambles
3/8 Thursday
 Acid/Base Lab
3/8 Thursday
 RLog 10/14
3/12 Monday
 QP 10 (1-35 odd)
3/19 Monday
 QP 14 (1-41 odd)
3/26 Monday
 RLog 19
Monday, March 5, 2007
3/29 Thursday
Extra Credit (bring 1 or 2)
Gloves (50) M or L
 Distilled Water (1 Gallon)

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


Medicine cups (5)
 1 10lb bag of sugar
1 pack Food coloring
 Straws (100)
1 box baking soda
 box of Alka-Seltzer
1 25 lb bag of salt (Costco)
 Bottle of Borax
 1 large match box
Sponges
1 pack of balloons (12”) (20-25/pack)
1 hour of work after school for Ms. Rotter
 Bring these supplies M-F of this week, they
will apply to this marking period
Monday, March 5, 2007
Acid Base Titration Lab
 Attach the peer review sheet to the front
of your team’s report and put your team
name on it
 Exchange your copy of the report with
another team. Make sure that your
team’s copies all end up at DIFFERENT
tables.
 Write your name on the peer review
sheet and look over the criteria and form
Monday, March 5, 2007
Acid Base Titration Lab
 Addition to the lab:
 The correct concentration of the sulfuric
acid was 1.8 M
 In your conclusion section add a
calculation of percent error with a small
discussion (put in your error discussion
area)
o % error = measured - true x 100%
true
 Everyone will return the peer reviews
tomorrow to the original teams.
 The final lab will be due on Thursday
Monday, March 5, 2007
Triple
Point
Critical
point
Triple
Point
Critical
point
Phase Diagrams
 On the back, you will find data for
another substance
 Work with your teammates to determine
the graph and answer the questions
Monday, March 5, 2007
Agenda
 FYI’s
 Survey
 Extra Credit
 Phase Diagrams
Tuesday, March 6, 2007
FYI
 Science Survey
3/7 Wednesday
 Preambles
3/8 Thursday
 Acid/Base Lab
3/8 Thursday
 RLog 10/14
3/12 Monday
 Test (Chap 15/16)
3/15 Thursday
 QP 14 (1-41 odd)
3/19 Monday
 QP 10 (1-35 odd)
3/26 Monday
 RLog 19
Tuesday, March 6, 2007
3/29 Thursday
Extra Credit (bring 1 or 2)












Gloves (50) M or L
Distilled Water (1 Gallon)
Medicine cups (5)
1 pack Food coloring
1 10lb bag of sugar
box of Alka-Seltzer
Bottle of Borax
1 large match box
1 25 lb bag of salt (Costco)
1 pack of balloons (12”) (20-25/pack)
1 hour of work after school for Ms. Rotter
Bring these supplies M-F of this week, they will apply
to this marking period
Tuesday, March 6, 2007
Triple
Point
Critical
point
Triple
Point
Critical
point
Phase Diagrams + Lab
 Finish the front and the back of the
phase diagram sheet
 Turn in the sheet in the back of the
classroom when you are finished.
 Any extra time is for your team to
review the peer review sheets and
prepare your lab for Thursday
Tuesday, March 6, 2007
Agenda
 FYI’s
 Extra Credit
 Temperature and Phase
Changes
 Heat worksheet
 Preamble 12
Wednesday, March 7, 2007
FYI
 Science Survey
3/7 Wednesday
 Preambles
3/8 Thursday
 Acid/Base Lab
3/8 Thursday
 RLog 10/14
3/12 Monday
 Test (Chap 15/16)
3/15 Thursday
 QP 14 (1-41 odd)
3/19 Monday
 QP 10 (1-35 odd)
3/26 Monday
 RLog 19
Wednesday, March 7, 2007
3/29 Thursday
Extra Credit (bring 1 or 2)












Gloves (50) M or L
Distilled Water (1 Gallon)
Medicine cups (5)
1 pack Food coloring
1 10lb bag of sugar
box of Alka-Seltzer
Bottle of Borax
1 large match box
1 25 lb bag of salt (Costco)
1 pack of balloons (12”) (20-25/pack)
1 hour of work after school for Ms. Rotter
Bring these supplies M-F of this week, they will apply
to this marking period
Wednesday, March 7, 2007
Team Evaluations

On a half sheet of paper, write your name
and team name and answer the following
questions.
1 = Yes/Great, 5 = No/Horrible
1.
2.
3.
4.
How well is your team working together?
Is everyone contributing to your team?
How much have you contributed to your team?
Do you want your team to stay together?
5.
If you could pick one person for your team, who
would it be? (no guarantees)
If there was one person you would *not* want to be
with, who would it be?
6.
Wednesday, March 7, 2007
Heating/Cooling
 When heating/cooling a substance,
there are two options.
 Temperature change in the substance
 Phase change in the substance
 When you heat cold liquid water, the
temperature rises, but it remains liquid.
 But when you reach the temperature of
100 degrees C, the water starts to boil,
undergoing phase change (L  G)
 What is the highest temperature liquid
water can reach?
Wednesday, March 7, 2007
Phase Changes
Gas
Solid
Wednesday, March 7, 2007
Liquid
Phase Changes
 During phase changes, bonds
BETWEEN molecules break. These are
called intermolecular bonds
 In the middle of phase change, there is
no temperature change, as all energy is
going either to make or break bonds
 The terms used for phase changes are
fusion and vaporization (melting and
boiling)
Wednesday, March 7, 2007
Temperature Changes
 When the phase is NOT changing,
additional heat or loss of heat results in
temperature change of the substance.
 When the temperature changes, the
speed of the molecules changes, which
results in a change in kinetic energy
 Overall, no bonds break during
temperature changes in a substance
Wednesday, March 7, 2007
Agenda
 FYI’s
 Extra Credit
 Preamble 12
 Turn in Labs and Heat/Phase
Change wkst
 Phases of Matter
 Heat
Thursday, March 8, 2007
FYI
 Preambles
TODAY
 Acid/Base Lab
TODAY
 RLog 10/14
3/12 Monday
 Test (Chap 15/16)
3/15 Thursday
 QP 14 (1-41 odd)
3/19 Monday
 QP 10 (1-35 odd)
3/26 Monday
 RLog 19
Thursday, March 8, 2007
3/29 Thursday
Extra Credit (bring 1 or 2)











Distilled Water (1 Gallon)
Medicine cups (5)
1 pack Food coloring
1 10lb bag of sugar
box of Alka-Seltzer
Bottle of Borax
1 large match box
1 25 lb bag of salt (Costco)
1 pack of balloons (12”) (20-25/pack)
1 hour of work after school for Ms. Rotter
Bring these supplies M-F of this week, they will apply
to this marking period
Thursday, March 8, 2007
Preamble 12
 Make sure each of your preambles has the
number and date highlighted and in order. (If
not in order, indicate where out of order
preambles are)
 Star your best preamble and answer the
following:
 How does the preamble showcase your
scientific thinking and reasoning skills?
What were some problems you had, and
what did you learn in the course of doing
that preamble?
Thursday, March 8, 2007
Phases
Solid:
Liquid:
 most intermolecular
bonds
 lowest kinetic energy
 Fixed form/shape and
volume
Gas:
 intermediate
intermolecular bonds
 medium kinetic
energy
 fluid form/shape,
fixed volume
 least intermolecular Supercritical Fluid:
bonds
 properties of gas and
 highest kinetic energy
liquid
 fluid form/shape and
 Pictures
volume
 Video
Thursday, March 8, 2007
Heat
 The system = reaction/chamber/thing
 The surroundings = everything else
(often you)
 The system and surroundings have opposite
reactions in terms of heat
 Adding heat to the system is an endothermic
process (surroundings lose, feel colder)
 Heat leaving the system is an exothermic
process (surroundings gain, feel warmer)
Thursday, March 8, 2007
Agenda
 FYI’s
 Extra Credit
 Hydrogen Energy Videos
Friday, March 9, 2007
FYI
 RLog 10/14
3/12 Monday
 Test (Chap 15/16)
3/15 Thursday
 QP 14 (1-41 odd)
3/19 Monday
 QP 10 (1-35 odd)
3/26 Monday
 RLog 19
Friday, March 9, 2007
3/29 Thursday
Extra Credit (bring 1 or 2)











Distilled Water (1 Gallon)
Medicine cups (5)
1 pack Food coloring
1 10lb bag of sugar
box of Alka-Seltzer
Bottle of Borax
1 large match box
1 25 lb bag of salt (Costco)
1 pack of balloons (12”) (20-25/pack)
1 hour of work after school for Ms. Rotter
Bring these supplies M-F of this week, they will apply
to this marking period
Friday, March 9, 2007
Hydrogen Energy
 You will be doing a reading log on the
videos that we watch
 Take down information that is new to
you, surprising, or just interesting.
 Most of the videos are fairly short, but
packed with information. Pay close
attention
Friday, March 9, 2007
Agenda
 FYI’s
 Preamble 1
 Reading Report 10/14
 Enthalpy, Entropy and
Energy
Monday, March 12, 2007
FYI
 RLog 10/14
TODAY
 Test (Chap 15/16)
3/15 Thursday
 QP 14 (1-41 odd)
3/19 Monday
 QP 10 (1-35 odd)
3/26 Monday
 RLog 19
Monday, March 12, 2007
3/29 Thursday
Preamble 1 (5 min)
 Write out the reaction discussed in the
videos that uses hydrogen to make water. Is
energy produced or consumed in this
reaction?
 What other reactions of hydrogen were
discussed in the videos?
 What are some of the complications you see
with the use of hydrogen energy now and in
the future?
 What are some possible ways that those
problems can be overcome?
Monday, March 12, 2007
Reading Log Report
 On your whiteboard, construct a reading
report for chapter 10/14 (8 min)
 Include 3 bullet points and cite section #
Interconnected
Interesting
Important
Incomprehensible
Tuesday, February 20, 2007
Clarification
Enthalpy and Entropy
 DH – Enthalpy – heat energy of a reaction
 if constant pressure, DH = q
 negative DH = favored reaction, exothermic
positive DH = not favored,
endothermic
 DS – Entropy – measure of disorder in the
system
 higher DS = more disorder,
lower DS = ordered
 negative DS = unfavored,
positive DS = favored
Monday, March 12, 2007
Energy
 DG = DH – TDS (reaction at constant
temperature)
 Gibbs free energy – combines two driving
forces on a reaction
 If data is collected at standard state, a
pressure of 1 bar, the driving forces can be
compared. The 1 bar is arbitrary, but allows
reference between all other materials and
their standard states. DG° = DH° – TDS°
 If DG° = negative, reaction is favored
 If DG° = positive, reaction is unfavored
Monday, March 12, 2007
Agenda
 FYI’s
 Enthalpy, Entropy and
Energy
 Preamble 2
Tuesday, March 13, 2007
FYI
 Retakes
3/14-3/16 W-F
 Test (Chap 15/16)
3/15 Thursday
 QP 14 (1-41 odd)
3/19 Monday
 RLog Asimov (online)
3/22 Thursday
 QP 10 (1-35 odd)
3/26 Monday
 RLog 19
 QP 19
 STAR Test (online)
Tuesday, March 13, 2007
3/29 Thursday
Enthalpy and Entropy
 DH – Enthalpy – heat energy of a reaction
 if constant pressure, DH = q
 negative DH = favored reaction, exothermic
positive DH = not favored,
endothermic
 DS – Entropy – measure of disorder in the
system
 higher DS = more disorder,
lower DS = ordered
 negative DS = unfavored,
positive DS = favored
Tuesday, March 13, 2007
Energy
 DG = DH – TDS (reaction at constant
temperature)
 Gibbs free energy – combines two driving
forces on a reaction
 If data is collected at standard state, a
pressure of 1 bar, the driving forces can be
compared. The 1 bar is arbitrary, but allows
reference between all other materials and
their standard states. DG° = DH° – TDS°
 If DG° = negative, reaction is favored
 If DG° = positive, reaction is unfavored
Tuesday, March 13, 2007
Activation Energy
Even though a reaction is favored, it
may not proceed. This is due to
activation energy
 All reactions require some input of
energy in order to get started,
regardless of whether the reaction
overall releases or absorbs energy.
 A catalyst can be used to lower the
activation energy of a reaction
Tuesday, March 13, 2007
Diagram 1
Tuesday, March 13, 2007
Diagram 2
Tuesday, March 13, 2007
Agenda
 FYI’s
 Metal Hydrides

Wednesday, March 14, 2007
FYI
 Retakes
3/14-3/16 W-F
 Test (Chap 15/16)
3/15 Thursday
 QP 14 (1-41 odd)
3/19 Monday
 RLog Asimov (online)
3/22 Thursday
 QP 10 (1-35 odd)
3/26 Monday
 RLog 19
3/29 Thursday
 QP 19 (1-45 odd)
 STAR Test (online)
Wednesday, March 14, 2007
over spring break
Metal Hydrides
 You have sets of data for 9 metals
 Properties
 Thermodynamic
 The goal is to rank the metals in order
of which should be used as a storage
metal for hydrogen powered cars
 Come up with criteria for what thermo
data is “good” and what properties
would be “good”
Wednesday, March 14, 2007
Metal Hydrides
 You need to evaluate all of the data and write
up a group report on the 9 metals.
 Draw an activation energy diagram for each
metal
 Give a detailed explanation of the factors
involved in your decision for each metal
(discuss properties and thermo data)
 Each person in the group should assume
responsibility for at least 2 metals, and they
must write that section of the report
Wednesday, March 14, 2007
Agenda
 FYI’s
 Balloons
 Lab!

Friday, March 16, 2007
FYI
 Retakes

BALLOONS
 QP 14 (1-41 odd)
 RLog Asimov (online)
 QP 10 (1-35 odd)
 RLog 19
3/14-3/16 W-F
3/20 Tuesday
3/19 Monday
3/22 Thursday
3/26 Monday
3/29 Thursday
 QP 19 (1-45 odd)
 STAR Test (online)
Friday, March 16, 2007
over spring break
Balloons
 Each person will take home 1 balloon and
freeze it over the weekend (2-3 days, start on
Friday) until Tuesday the 20th
 Groups should take 1 large balloon and the
rest in small balloons
 Fill the balloons approximately halfway up
(compared to blown up) with water AT HOME
and then place them in the freezer.
 (If you are concerned about them popping,
put a plastic bag around them or put them in
a dish.)
 On Tuesday, bring the balloons early to class to
place in a cooler
Friday, March 16, 2007
Balloons
On Tuesday, bring the balloons
early to class to place in a
cooler
 Also, bring flashlights and any
other materials you would like
to investigate the balloons
with.
(poke, chemically react, probe)
Friday, March 16, 2007
Lab
 There are several stations for this lab, some will be
done today, some on Monday
 Record everything you do and notice in the left
column. For each left column entry record what you
think or wonder about in the right column. For each
activity that you complete write a report using the
writing following frame.
 “What I did was ________. What I noticed
was ________. I think that might have
happened because _______ and what I
wonder is ____.”
 Fill the blanks with phrases, sentences or
even paragraphs. Work carefully and safely.
Friday, March 16, 2007
Lab Stations
 Hot, Cool, Hot
 Ice Slice
 Memory Metal
 Sublime
 Cool It
 Bubble Trouble
 Acid Metal
Friday, March 16, 2007
Friday
Agenda
 FYI’s
 Balloons
 Lab!

Monday, March 19, 2007
FYI

BALLOONS
 QP 14 (1-41 odd)
3/21 Wednesday
TODAY
 RLog Asimov (online)
3/22 Thursday
 Chap 16 Retake
3/26 Monday
 QP 10 (1-35 odd)
 RLog 19
3/26 Monday
3/29 Thursday
 QP 19 (1-45 odd)
 STAR Test (online)
Monday, March 19, 2007
over spring break
Balloons
Wednesday
On
, bring the
balloons early to class to place in a
cooler
 Also, bring flashlights and any
other materials you would like to
investigate the balloons with.
(poke, chemically react, probe)
Monday, March 19, 2007
Lab
 Record everything you do and notice in the
left column. For each left column entry
record what you think or wonder about in the
right column. For each activity that you
complete write a report using the writing
following frame.
 “What I did was ________. What I noticed
was ________. I think that might have
happened because _______ and what I
wonder is ____.”
 Fill the blanks with phrases, sentences or
even paragraphs. Work carefully and safely.
Monday, March 19, 2007
Lab Stations
 Hot, Cool, Hot
 Ice Slice
 Memory Metal
 Cool It
 Bubble Trouble
 Acid Metal
Monday, March 19, 2007
Friday
Monday
Agenda
 FYI’s
 Balloons
 Lab!

Tuesday, March 20, 2007
FYI

BALLOONS
3/21 Wednesday
 RLog Asimov (online)
3/22 Thursday
 Chap 16 Retake
3/26 Monday
 QP 10 (1-35 odd)
 RLog 19
3/26 Monday
3/29 Thursday
 QP 19 (1-45 odd)
 STAR Test (online)
Tuesday, March 20, 2007
over spring break
Balloons
Wednesday
On
, bring the
balloons early to class to place in a
cooler
 Also, bring flashlights and any
other materials you would like to
investigate the balloons with.
(poke, chemically react, probe)
Tuesday, March 20, 2007
Lab
 Record everything you do and notice in the
left column. For each left column entry
record what you think or wonder about in the
right column. For each activity that you
complete write a report using the writing
following frame.
 “What I did was ________. What I noticed
was ________. I think that might have
happened because _______ and what I
wonder is ____.”
 Fill the blanks with phrases, sentences or
even paragraphs. Work carefully and safely.
Monday, March 19, 2007
Agenda
 FYI’s
 Balloons

Wednesday, March 21, 2007
FYI

BALLOONS
TODAY
 RLog Asimov (online)
TOMORROW
 Chap 16 Retake
3/26 Monday
 QP 10 (1-35 odd)
3/26 Monday
 RLog 19
 QP 19 (1-45 odd)
 STAR Test (online)
Wednesday, March 21, 2007
3/29 Thursday
4/13 Monday
over spring break
Ice Balloon Investigation
 Your team will design and investigate a
chemistry concept centered around the
ice balloon
 You will be following the Formal Lab
Write Up Procedure throughout
 Today is a day for initial exploration
and forming questions about the
balloons
 You will investigate properties of the
Ice Balloon and reactions
Wednesday, March 21, 2007
Ice Balloons
 Write down all your observations and
actions in I saw and all questions in I
thought
 There are various supplies in the back
of the room to experiment with on your
balloon (remove the skin)
 When you are done with one supply,
take it back to the supply area
Wednesday, March 21, 2007
Supply List








Food coloring
 Vinegar
Baking Soda
 Rubbing Alcohol
Salt
 Sugar
Hydrogen Peroxide  Vegetable Oil
Flashlights
 Scales
Soap
 Water, Soap,
trays, room
Spatulas
materials
Thermometers
Wednesday, March 21, 2007
Ice Balloon Questioning
 Each team must come up with 25
questions in their I thought column
by the end of today
 Your questions should be tied to
experimenting with the balloon or
why you see what you see.
 Number each of your good
questions in your I thought column
Wednesday, March 21, 2007
Ice Balloon Investigation
 Now that you have your questions, you
need to decide what to investigate
 Underneath your initial I saw/I thought,
write out, for each question, whether
you can design an experiment around
it, or if it can be modified to form an
experiment (good and bad points)
 In addition, indicate whether your team
wants to investigate that question
Wednesday, March 21, 2007
Ice Balloon Investigation
 Come up with 3-5 possible
experiments that you have devised out
of your questions.
Sketch out the brief experiments, with
procedure in I saw and the reasons why
in I thought
 Each team member needs this on their
sheet, however turn in only one copy
for the group to be evaluated
Wednesday, March 21, 2007