“SCARS ARE TATTOOED STORIES WITH
BITTER ENDING.”
Presented by
Divya.V
Department of Chemistry
Assistant Professor
M.S.M.College, Kayamkulam.
Cancer is the second
most common disease in
India responsible for
maximum
mortality
with about 0.3 million
deaths per year
All types of cancers have
been reported in Indian
population including the
cancers of skin, lungs,
breast, rectum, stomach,
prostate, liver, cervix,
esophagus, bladder, blood,
mouth etc.
What is CANCER?
Cancer, also known as a
malignant
tumor
or
malignant neoplasm, is a
group of diseases involving
abnormal cell growth with the
potential to invade or spread
to other parts of the body
Hyperplasia.
CARCINOGENIC AGENTS

Radiation





electromagnetic radiations and atomic particles
not how much radiation is absorbed by the body
tissue, but how much damage to DNA is done when
the radiation has been absorbed.
Chromosomal translocations and deletions
by causing ionization and generate dangerous
intermediates called reactive oxygen species.
Leukemia and skin cancer
CARCINOGENIC AGENTS

Chemical Carcinogen
an electrophilic form reacts with nucleophilic sites in
the purine and pyramidine rings of nucleic acids.
 Carcinogenes mainly classified into four groups:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH)
 Hetero cyclic amines ( HCA)
 Nitrosamines
 Alkylating agents

CARCINOGENIC AGENTS

Fibrous materials
Asbestoes and Erionite
 generation of ROS, physical interaction with
the mitotic machinery and induction of a
chronic inflammatory response, in addition to
genetic and epigenic alterations.

CARCINOGENIC AGENTS

Infectious pathogens
DNA tumor viruses and RNA tumor viruses
a)
Human papiloma virus- cervical cancer
b)
Barr- Virus- nasopharyngeial carcinoma
c)
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1(HTLV-1) acute T- cell Leukemia
d) Helicobacter pylori - gastric cancer.

CARCINOGENIC AGENTS

Endogenous carcinogenic reactions
 Oxidative
respiration and lipid
peroxidation, two processes of
normal cell metabolism, produce
ROS that can react with DNA and
lipids to produce oxidized products
also seen by exposure to radiation.
Please Note
this……….
It is estimated that 104-106
mutations occur in a single human
cell per day. By and large, under
normal circumstances, this
immense error burden is
successfully dealt with by the
highly efficient cellular DNA
repair mechanisms.
AGE- carcinogenic Factor
Cancer, far from being a “modern” disease,
is one of the oldest disease ever seen in
human specimen- quite possibly the
oldest. Cancer’s emergence in the world
is the product of a double negative: it
becomes common only when all other
killers themselves have been killed.
DRIVERS OF CANCER
Proto-oncogenes
Tumor
genes
suppressor
PROTO-ONCOGENES
Proto
oncogenes code for
proteins that help regulate
cell growth.
 A change in the DNA
sequence of the protooncogene gives rise to an
oncogene
Example: Ras, v-src,
TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES
Slow down cell division
 Repair DNA mistakes
 Tell cells when to die

APOPTOSIS
Examples: Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) in human
retinoblastoma; Tumor protein p53, BRCA1etc
THE THEORY OF CANCER

DNA mutations






Translocations
Deletions
Inversions
Addition or duplication
Substitution
The genetic changes
EXAMPLES OF MUTATIONS
Sequence 1
ACTCGTTAGGCA
ACTCGTTAGGCA
ACTCGTTAGGCA
ACTCGTTAGGCA
ACTCGTTAGGCA
Sequence 2
ACTCCTTAGGCA
ACTCGGCA
Type
SUBSTITUTION
DELETION
ACTCGTTATCAGGCA INSERTION
ACTTGCTAGGCA
INVERSION
ACTCGTTAGTTAGGCA DUPLICATION
GENERAL TREATMENT INFORMATION
ABOUT CANCER
The
cancer cure includes only
two principles- the
removal and destruction
of diseased tissue.
a choice between the hot
ray and the cold knife
TREATMENT METHODS

Surgery

Radiation Therapy

Chemotherapy

Induction

Consolidation

Maintenance

Targeted Therapy

Hormonal Therapy
PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE
 Reduced
tobacco consumption (all
forms)
 A healthy life style
 Food
 Excercises
 Avoidance of alcohol
 Vaccination strategies
 Use your cell phone only for short
calls or texts
WHAT WE CAN DO?

Be a part of World Cancer Day

4th February from 2016-2018
WE CAN
I CAN
CHALLENGES
Proper
funding
The cause of cancer may vary
from one person to other
Lack of patients to undergo
clinical trials
WE CAN
Inspire action, Take action
 Prevent Cancer
 Challenge Perceptions
 Create Healthy environment
 Improve access to cancer care
 Build a quality cancer workforce
 Work together for increased impact
 Make the case for investing in cancer control

I CAN
Make healthy lifestyle choices
 Understand that early detection saves lives
 Ask for support
 Support others
 Take control of many cancer journey
 Love, and be Loved
 Return to work
 Shape my story and speak out

THANK YOU