1. The Second Great
Awakening
“Spiritual Reform From Within”
[Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the
Ideal of Equality
Temperance
Education
Abolitionism
Asylum &
Penal Reform
Women’s
Rights
The Rise of Popular Religion
In France, I had almost always seen
the spirit of religion and the spirit of
freedom pursuing courses diametrically
opposed to each other; but in America,
I found that they were intimately
united, and that they reigned in common
over the same country… Religion was the
foremost of the political institutions of
the United States.
-- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832
R1-1
• Christians learned that they could conquer
sin. The drunkard could stop drinking. The
adulterer could become faithful. The
slaveholder could free his slaves. The
Christian could stop using the name of the
Lord in vain, could observe the Sabbath,
could be truthful, could, in short, obey God's
commandments. This notion of conquest
provided an enormous energy to the
converted. They could remake themselves.
And, since society was simply a collection of
individuals, they could remake it as well.
Evangelicals were reformers by definition.
“The Pursuit
of Perfection”
In
Antebellum America
Second Great Awakening
Revival Meeting
Revival Preaching
Open-Air Revivals
Mission to the Slaves
Pro-Slavery Reform
”The dissemination of
moral truth
will always be found at
once the
cheapest & most effective
support of law & order, the
most
certain check of
incendiarism
& turbulence."
- Basil Manly
The Rise of African
American Churches
• Revivalism also
spread to the
African American
community
• The Second Great
Awakening has
been called the
"central and
defining event in
the development
of AfroChristianity“
• During these revivals Baptists and Methodists converted
large numbers of blacks
Afro-Christianity
• Richard Allen founded Bethel
African Methodist Episcopal
Church (A.M.E.) after whites tried
to segregate St. George’s Methodist
Church in Philadelphia
Richard Allen
Mother Bethel AME Church
Floating
churches to
minister to
seamen
2nd Great Awakening
-Early 1800’s, 1790 to 1840
-Reject Calvinism; accepted Salvation open to all, spiritual
equality, Free Will
-Timothy Dwight, Charles G. Finney, & Peter Cartwright
-Revivalism, emotional Evangelical Christianity
-Impact: Mass participation led to mass democracy?
Women active participants, equal value of their souls
The “Burned-Over” District
in Upstate New York
Perfectionism
• Prophecies of the millennium
– Revelations
– Latter days of Earth, 1000 years of peace where saints
would rule and evil would be banished from the world
• Might begin in the US, needed to convert and perfect the
nation
• “Overturn and overturn till He whose right it is shall come
and reign, King of nations and King of Saints” –Lyman
Beecher
• Drive behind Benevolent Associations, reforms
• “If the church would do her duty, the millennium may come
in this country in three years.” –Charles Finney
• “Christians should aim at being holy and not rest satisfied
until they are as perfect as God.” –Charles Finney
Charles G. Finney The ranges of tents, the fires,
(1792 – 1895)
reflecting light…; the candles and
lamps illuminating the encampment;
hundreds moving to and fro…;the
preaching, praying, singing, and
shouting,… like the sound of many
waters, was enough to swallow up all
the powers of contemplation.
Conversion Experience
New form of revival
“soul-shaking”
conversion
R1-2
•Meeting night after night to build
excitement
•Praying for sinners by name
•Encouraging women to testify in
public
•Placing those struggling with
conversion on the “anxious bench”
at the front of the church
Baptist and Methodist become the largest
denominations in the country
Religious Divisions
The Mormons
(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
Joseph Smith
e 1823 --> Golden Tablets
e 1830 --> Book of Mormon
eReaction to elevated status of
females as the virtuous sex
Hill Cumorah, Palmyra, NY
The Mormon “Trek”
Reconstructed Temple
Nauvoo, Illinois
The Mormons
(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
Brigham Young
Mormon Temple
Salt Lake City, Utah
e Deseret community.
e Salt Lake City, UT
Mother Ann Lee
The Shakers
e Mother Ann Lee Stanley claimed to be 2nd, female
incarnation of Jesus Christ
e Men and women separate, forbid sex & marriage
e Stressed simplicity, Examples:
e If you will take up your crosses against the
works of generations, and follow Christ in the
regeneration, God will cleanse you from all
unrighteousness.
e Remember the cries of those who are in need
and trouble, that when you are in trouble, God
may hear your cries.
e If you improve in one talent, God will give you
more.
R1-4
Shaker Meeting
Shaker Hymn
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free,
'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,
And when we find ourselves in the place just right,
'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.
When true simplicity is gained
To bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,
To turn, turn will be our delight,
'Till by turning, turning we come round right.
Round Barn (1826)
Hancock Shaker Village
Shaker Simplicity & Utility
William Miller- Millerism
• Predicted Christ
would come again
on October 22, 1843
• Important ideamany reformers
motivated by the
belief that if they
perfected society
(perfectionism), it
would bring the
second coming of
Jesus
Antebellum Reform Movements
• Humanitarian Reforms
or
Social Control
“Hidden Curriculum” in school
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Confusion
Class Position
Indifference
Emotional Dependency
Intellectual Dependency
Provisional Self-Esteem
One cannot hide
How are schools like factories? How do
you get in trouble in school?
Impact of Industrialization
• Destroyed artisan class
• Segregation of work from life
– Preindustrial workshops
• Masters and workers “like a family”
• Work and living space the same
• Social lives integrated
– Industrial system
• Masters absent, workers in
boarding houses
• Neighborhoods segregated, rich
and poor
• Socializing segregated: classbased values, conflict surrounding
forms of leisure (esp. drinking)
Impact of Industrialization
• Undermined patriarchal family
– Children earning own wages, more
independent
– Altered outlook and lives of women
• Time and work discipline
– Adjusting to industrial rhythms
– Led to further calls for reform
• Religious ferment, social reform,
utopian experimentation
I. Temperance Movement
1826 - American Temperance Society
“Demon Rum”!
Frances Willard
The Beecher Family
Frederick Marryat, an English
captain who noted in 1839:
• The Americans can fix nothing, without a drink. If you
meet, you drink; if you part, you drink; if you make
acquaintance, you drink; if you close a bargain, you
drink; they quarrel in their drink, and they make it up
with a drink. They drink, because it is hot; they drink
because it is cold. If successful in elections, they
drink and rejoice; if not, they drink and swear; they
begin to drink early in the morning, they leave off late
at night; they commence it early in life, and they
continue it, until they soon drop into the grave.
• Had Marryat accepted every drink he was offered, he
complained, he would have not been “sober for three
or four weeks at a time.”
Teetotal abstinence vs.
temperance (stay off the hard stuff)
• Sin on the order of slavery, if not greater
• Grog time twice a day when a bell rang, shift
to coffee
• Average person drank 88 gallons of whiskey
a year
• US spent more each year on alcohol than
the total of the federal government’s
expenditure
• Washingtonian Societies, ½ million would
join
Annual Consumption of Alcohol
-Most successful
reform movement
-By 1857 12 states
had prohibition laws,
many soon repealed
-Maine Law- Neal Dow
-Ten Nights in a
Barroom and What I
Saw There. (1854),
T.S. Arthur, 2nd best
selling book
-Church led, Lyman
Beecher
-Directed against Irish
& German immigrants
The Drunkard’s Progress: From the first
glass to the grave, 1846
"Step 1. A glass with a friend. Step 2. A glass to keep the cold out. Step 3. A glass
too much. Step 4. Drunk and riotous. Step 5. The summit attained...Jolly
companions...A confirmed drunkard. Step 6. Poverty and disease. Step 7. Forsaken
by Friends. Step 8. Desperation and Crime. Step 9. Death by suicide."
II.Penitentiary Reform
• Shift from punishment
to rehabilitate, stressed
religion
• No longer jail for
debtors
1821  first
penitentiary founded
in Auburn, NY
Dorothea Dix
•pioneer in the movement to
treat the insane as mentally ill
rather than as criminals
•15 states set aside land and
created new hospitals &
asylums as a result
III.
Gradualists
Abolitionist Movement
Immediatists
Anti-Slavery Alphabet
e 1816  American Colonization Society
created (gradual, voluntary
emancipation.)
eShip slaves back to Africa, created a free slave
state in Liberia, West Africa.
e6,000 immigrants, 1817-67
British Colonization Society symbol
William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
e Founded American
Antislavery Society
(AAS), 1831
e Immediate emancipation
with NO compensation.
e Slavery was a moral, not
an economic issue. It
was a sin against God.
e Baptist Church divided
into a N & S
The Liberator
Premiere issue  January 1, 1831
The Liberator #1
by William Lloyd Garrison
Article in the first issue of Garrison's
newspaper The Liberator January 1, 1831
• “I am aware that many object to the severity of my
language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be
as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice.
On this subject, I do not wish to think, or speak, or write,
with moderation. No! no! Tell a man whose house is on
fire to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately
rescue his wife from the hands of the ravisher; tell the
mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into
which it has fallen; -- but urge me not to use moderation
in a cause like the present. I am in earnest -- I will not
equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not retreat a single
inch -- and I will be heard. The apathy of the people is
enough to make every statue leap from its pedestal,
and to hasten the resurrection of the dead.”
The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with
the Sum of All Villanies!
James Birney
e Slavery in politics, Liberty Party.
e ran Birney for President in
1840 & 1844.
e Little success, absorbed by Free Soil
Party
Black Abolitionists
David Walker
1829 --> Appeal to the Coloured
Citizens of the World
Fight for freedom rather than
wait to be set free by whites.
Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
1845  The Narrative of the Life
Of Frederick Douglass
1847  “The North Star”
R212
Sojourner Truth
or Isabella Baumfree
1850 --> The Narrative of Sojourner Truth
Harriet Tubman
“Moses”
e Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.
e $40,000 bounty on her head.
e Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.
The Underground Railroad
The Underground Railroad
e “Conductor” ==== leader of the escape
e “Passengers” ==== escaping slaves
e “Tracks” ==== routes
e “Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting
the escaping slaves
e “Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep
“The Gag Rule”
• Abolitionists in 1831 submitted petitions
for the abolition of slavery to Congress
• Anti-slavery petitions were gagged from
1835 to 1844 & ended with the help of
John Quincy Adams
IV.
Transcendentalism
e “Transcend” the limits of intellect
and allow the emotions, the SOUL,
to create an original relationship
with the Universe.
e Stressed individualism
e Reaction to Market Revolution,
yearn to be in touch with nature
Writers
Concord, MA
Ralph Waldo
Emerson
Nature
(1832)
Self-Reliance
(1841)
“The American
Scholar” (1837)
Henry David
Thoreau
Walden
(1854)
Resistance to Civil
Disobedience
(1849)
Read pages 25 26
V.Utopian Communities
If social arrangements could be perfected, then the
ills of society could be eliminated.
The Oneida Community
New York, 1848
e Humans were no longer
obliged to follow the moral
rules of the past, 2nd
coming had happened.
• all residents married
to each other,
• complex marriage.
• communal child rearing
John Humphrey Noyes
• Economically successful b/c of plates
and silverware
George Ripley
Brook Farm
West Roxbury, MA, 20
intellectuals lived there,
practiced socialism
Robert Owen
Utopian Socialist
“Village of Cooperation”
Original Plans for New Harmony, IN
New Harmony in 1832
New Harmony,
IN
VI.
e MA
Educational Reform
 always on the forefront of public
educational reform
* 1st state to establish tax support for
local public schools.
1860 every Northern (fix) state offered
free public education to whites.
* US had one of the highest literacy rates.
e By
Horace Mann
“Father of
American Education”
 children were clay in the hands
of teachers and school officials
 children should be “molded”
into a state of perfection
 discouraged corporal punishment
 established state teachertraining programs (Normal
Schools)
The McGuffey Readers
e Used religious parables to teach “American values.”
e Teach middle class morality and respect for order.
e Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality,
hard work, sobriety)
Noah Webster
• Dictionary, standardized American
spelling
• Example, color vs. colour
VII. Sectionalism
• Reforms more of a Northern and
Western phenomenon
• Northerners modernizing, while
Southerners committed to tradition
To what extent and in what
ways did the roles of women
change in American society
between 1780 to 1860?
Respond with reference to
TWO of the following areas:
Domestic
Economic
Political
Social
8. “Separate Spheres” Concept
“Cult of Domesticity”
e A woman’s “sphere” was in the
home (it was a refuge from the
cruel world outside).
e Market Revolution separated the
two worlds
e Her role was to “civilize” her
husband and family.
e Suppose to uphold the qualities
of piety, purity, domesticity,
and submissiveness
e Mainly applied to Middle and
Upper class women
An 1830s MA minister:
The power of woman is her
dependence. A woman who gives up
that dependence on man to become
a reformer yields the power God has
given her for her protection, and her
character becomes unnatural!
Early
th
19
Century Women
1. Unable to vote.
2. Legal status of a minor.
3. Single  could own her own
property.
4. Married  no control over her
property or her children.
5. Could not initiate divorce.
6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a
contract, or bring suit in court
without her husband’s permission.
Cult of Domesticity = Slavery
The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women
to improve society.
Angelina Grimké
Sarah Grimké
e Southern Abolitionists
Lucy Stone
e American Women’s
Suffrage Assoc.
e edited Woman’s Journal
Dress: Bloomers vs. Petticoats
What It Would Be Like If
Ladies Had Their Own Way!
Women’s Rights
1840 --> split (Schism of 1840) in the
abolitionist movement (AAS) over women’s role
in it.
London --> World Anti-Slavery Convention
Lucretia Mott
1848
-->Seneca
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Falls, Declaration of Sentiments & birth
of Women’s Rights movement
Read the second pages 27-32
• Some historians have
argued that the elections
of 1800 and 1828 were
revolutions in American
political history.
• Support, modify, or refute
this contention using
specific evidence.
•
•
• Some historians have characterized the
period from 1824 to 1848 as the era of
the common man. Support, modify, or
refute this contention using specific
evidence.
•
• Some historians have argued that the
forces that opposed the growth of
the federal government’s power
(state’s rights advocates) were
stronger in the early republic than
those that promoted a strong central
government (Nationalist) from 1789
to 1848.
• Support, modify, or refute this
contention using specific evidence.
•
• Some historians have argued that the
economy that emerged after the War of
1812 constituted an industrial
revolution. Support, modify, or refute
this contention using specific evidence.
• Some historians have argued
that the antebellum reform
movements in the United
States from 1815 to 1860
sought to expand democratic
ideals.
• Support, modify, or refute
this contention using specific
evidence.
To what extent and in what
ways did the roles of women
change in American society
between 1783 to 1860?
Respond with reference to
TWO of the following areas:
Domestic
Economic
Political
Social
Domestic
• Republican Motherhood to Cult of
Domesticity
Economic
• Go from economic partners in
production as part of the household
economic unit, putting out method for
factory work, barter economy to
• Market Revolution- women’s work was
marginalized, separation of work and
home
Political
• Goes from no rights to the start of a
political protest, Seneca Falls
Social
• Not supposed to play much of a role
outside the home to a role in reform
movements, abolition, temperance,
religion, women’s rights, asylum
movement
“Reform movements in the US
from 1820 – 1860 sought to
expand democratic ideals”
-Assess the validity of this statement
•
6 points- Answer the following essay prompt using the method below. DO NOT
NECESSARILY USE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL AS YOUR CATEGORIES!!!
THIS WILL NOT WORK FOR ALL QUESTIONS, MANY ARE MORE NARROWED IN SCOPE
THAN THIS.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.
2.
Example:
Identify 3 main points with analysis
List 3 concrete facts to support each of your 3 main points
How revolutionary was the American Revolution?
Politically, the war established America’s independence from England.
Declaration of Independence-John Locke, Natural Rights
Saratoga- French alliance
Constitution- Beard Thesis
Socially, the war saw significant gains in the rights of blacks in the North and the status of women in
the domestic sphere.
Northwest Ordinance, abolished slavery in NW territory
Abigail Adams quote
Republican Motherhood, less strict divorce laws
Economically, the war broke the mercantilist hold on American colonies and allowed the country to
build its own economy in an unstable fashion.
Depression after the war, “ain;t worth a continental"
Shay’s Rebellion
Freedom of the Seas- Napoleonic Wars
“Reform movements in the US from 1820 – 1860 sought to
expand democratic ideals”
-Assess the validity of this statement 3/6 points
• Women
– Seneca Falls
– Stanton & Mott
– Declaration of Sentiments
• Abolition
– AAS
– The Liberator
– William Lloyd Garrison
• Temperance
– Maine Law
– Neal Dow
– Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There
Why 3/6? No analysis
“Reform movements in the US
from 1820 – 1860 sought to
expand democratic ideals”
-Assess the validity of this statement
• Women: democratic ideals or not?
• Abolition: democratic ideals or not?
• Temperance: democratic ideals or not?
“Reform movements in the US
from 1820 – 1860 sought to
expand democratic ideals”
-Assess the validity of this statement
• The Women’s rights movement
promoted democratic ideals in America.
How?
• The Abolition movement promoted
democratic ideals in America. How?
• The Temperance movement promoted
democratic ideals in America. How?
“Reform movements in the US from 1820 – 1860 sought
to expand democratic ideals”
-Assess the validity of this statement
• The Women’s rights movement promoted
democratic ideals in America by encouraging
equal rights between the sexes.
• The Abolition movement promoted democratic
ideals in America by trying to free a race of
enslaved people.
• The Temperance movement promoted
democratic ideals in America by encouraging
and enforcing the majority’s moral ideals on
the nation.
Perfect 6/6 Points
• The Women’s rights movement promoted democratic ideals in America
by encouraging equal rights between the sexes.
– Seneca Falls
– Stanton & Mott
– Declaration of Sentiments
• The Abolition movement promoted democratic ideals in America by
trying to free a race of enslaved people.
– AAS
– The Liberator
– William Lloyd Garrison
• The Temperance movement promoted democratic ideals in America by
encouraging and enforcing the majority’s moral ideals on the nation.
– Maine Law
– Neal Dow
– Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There
Big Ideas to
Understand:
1. How democratic were the politics and
reforms of the age?
2. How and why did political parties
reappear and grow during this age?
3. Were reforms motivated by humanitarian
ideals of for social control purposes?
4. How did the power of the federal
government grow in comparison to state
power?
Jacksonian Democracy
From 2001
• The Jacksonian Period (1824-1848) has
been celebrated as the era of the
“common man.” To what extent did the
period live up to its characterization?
Consider TWO of the following in your
response
– Economic development
– Politics
– Reform movements
From 1999
• How did TWO of the following contribute
to the reemergence of a two party
system in the period 1820 to 1840?
– Major political personalities
– States rights
– Economic issues
• “Andrew Jackson’s election as
President marked the beginning of a
new age in political history.”
– Assess the validity of this statement
• Analyze the presidential policies of
Andrew Jackson in relation to the power
of the federal government compared to
states rights.
• Compare and contrast the goals and
philosophies of the Democrats and
Whigs from 1824 to 1854
From 1996
• Analyze the extent to which TWO of the
following influenced the development of
democracy between 1820 and 1840.
– Jacksonian economic policy
– Changes in electoral politics
– Second Great Awakening
Reforms
• Assess the extent to which economic
changes in American society
encouraged TWO of the following
reform movements
– Public education
– Temperance
– Women’s Rights
– Utopian Communities
From 1988
• “American reform movements between 1820
and 1860 reflected both optimistic and
pessimistic views of human nature and
society.”
• Assess the validity of this statement in
reference to reform movements in THREE of
the following areas.
–
–
–
–
–
Education
Temperance
Woman’s rights
Utopian experiments
Penal institutions
From 1993
• In what ways did the early nineteenthcentury reform movements for abolition
and women’s rights illustrate both the
strengths and the weaknesses of
democracy in the early American
republic?
From 1985
• “Most major religious movements reflect
significant shifts in religious beliefs and
produce important social changes.”
• -Assess the validity of this statement in
relation to The Second Great
Awakening from 1790 to 1860
From 1994
• Analyze the ways in which The Second
Great Awakening during the 19th
Century influenced the development of
American society.
• Analyze the extent to which the Second
Great Awakening transformed American
religion in the years from 1790 to 1860.
• Discuss the changing ideals of
American womanhood between the
American Revolution and the
outbreak of the Civil War.
• What factors caused the emergence
of “republican motherhood” and the
“cult of domesticity?”
• Assess the extent to which these
ideals influenced the lives of women
during this period.
Tecumseh
• Some Historians have
described the administration of
Andrew Jackson as the “Reign
of King Andrew” and others as
the “Champion of the Common
Man.”
• Which label is a more accurate
description of Andrew
Jackson’s Presidency?
• In what ways did the 2nd
Great Awakening influence
TWO of the following?
–Abolitionism
–Temperance
–The cult domesticity
–Utopian communities
• How democratic was the “Age of
Jackson” in the US from 1800-1848?
– Please consider TWO of the
following in your response
• Religion
• Political voting & election law
developments
• Andrew Jackson’s presidency
• How democratic was the “Age of Jackson” in
the US from 1800-1848?
• Political voting & election law
developments
–Universal white male suffrage by states
–People vote on the Presidential Electors
–Nominating Conventions
–Spoils System
–Campaigns, Election 1840, Log Cabin
–No for women, AA, and Indians
–Political parties: Whigs + Dems
• How democratic was the “Age of
Jackson” in the US from 1800-1848?
– Please consider TWO of the
following in your response
• Andrew Jackson’s presidency
–Nullification
–Bank
–Native American removal
–Spoils System
–Use of Vetoes
How democratic was the “Age of Jackson” in the US from
1800-1848?
• Religion
– 2nd Great Awakening
– Free Will- individual choice for salvation, moral free
agent
– Preached and converted women and African
Americans
– Charles Finney
– Burned over district
– Growth of denominations: Methodists and Baptists
– Splinter Groups; Shakers, Mormons, William Miller
– Perfectionism
– Reforms: Temperance & Abolition
Religion and Reform in Antebellum America
I. Second Great Awakening
A. Spreading the Word
1. Charles Grandison Finney
2. Revivals
3. Methodist and Baptists predominate
4. Burned Over district
B. Building a Christian Nation
1. Established churches.
2. Itinerant preachers.
3. Start small.
4. Lots of splinter sects
C. Interpreting the Message
1. Working to bring God's vision in the world
2. Change starts in the churches
II. Northern Reform
A. The Rising Power of American Abolition
B. Women's Rights and Utopian Communities
C. The Temperance Crusade
III. Southern Reform
A. Sin, salvation, and honor
B. Pro-Slavery Reform
C. Nat Turner and Afro-Christianity
D. Southern anti-slavery reformers
Second Great Awakening
Charles Grandison finney
"I have a retainer from the Lord
Jesus Christ to plead his cause,
I cannot plead yours."
Open-Air Revivals
Building a Christian Nation
-Nathan Bangs
Methodist Minister
Splinter Groups
Shakers
Mormons
Ann Lee
Joseph Smith
Brigham Young
Interpreting the Message
Pennsylvania Abolition Society
PAS Manumission Papers
Frederick Douglass
William Lloyd Garrison
Sarah and Angelina Grimke
Angelina Grimke : "Whatever it is
morally right for man to do …
it is morally right for women to do."
"I believe it is women's right to have
a voice in all the laws and regulations
by which she is to be governed, whether
in Church or State.”
”Just as much right to sit upon the
throne of England, or in the
Presidential chair of the United States."
Angelina Grimke
Seneca Falls
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Temperance
American Temperance Society
(1826)
Henry Ward Beecher
Southern Reform
Mission to the Slaves
”The dissemination of moral truth
will always be found at once the
cheapest & most effective
support of law & order, the most
certain check of incendiarism
& turbulence."
- Basil Manly
Nat Turner
David Walker
"Americans may be as
vigilant as they please,
but they cannot be vigilant
enough for the Lord,
neither can they hide
themselves, where he will
not find and bring them out."
-David Walker
(1829)
The Drunkard’s Progress: From the first
glass to the grave, 1846
"Step 1. A glass with a friend. Step 2. A glass to keep the cold out. Step 3. A glass
too much. Step 4. Drunk and riotous. Step 5. The summit attained...Jolly
companions...A confirmed drunkard. Step 6. Poverty and disease. Step 7. Forsaken
by Friends. Step 8. Desperation and Crime. Step 9. Death by suicide."
Threats to Protestantism
• Elites abandoned orthodox Christianity
– Most Founding Fathers were Enlightenment Deists
• Believed in creator God
• Rejected divinity of Jesus & miracles
• Believed man’s reason could figure everything out
– Unitarians split Congregational establishment in New
England
• Took control of Harvard & wealthiest urban churches
• Est. American Unitarian Association in 1826
• Catholic & Lutheran immigrants practiced different forms
of Christianity
• Transcendentalism emphasized individualism &
emotion/intuition over reason
– Ralph Waldo Emerson
– Henry David Thoreau (Walden, Civil Disobedience)
Colonial Protestant Establishment
Unable to Meet Changing
Conditions
• Insistence on educated clergy worked against needs of the
frontier communities
– Clergy tended to have middle-class disdain for uncouth frontier life
– Calvinist theology too complex & restrictive for uneducated poor
people
• Disestablishment & 1st Amendment created competition
among denominations
• Only by using non-seminary-trained ministers could
demand be supplied
– 1775: 1,800 ministers (1:1,500)
– 1845: 40,000 ministers (1:500)
– Revivalists used democratic rhetoric to attack “aristocratic”
religious elites
Second Great Awakening:
Methodists
• Methodism came over to America after
successfully transforming Great Britain in the
late 1700s
– John & Charles Wesley began reform
movement within the Anglican Church –
later became Methodist Episcopal Church
– Francis Asbury was 1st Methodist Bishop
in the U.S.
– Peter Cartwright was leading circuit rider
– preached salvation as a free gift to all
– Set up Sunday Schools & Bible studies
John Wesley
Francis Asbury
The Spread of Methodism
Methodist Camp Meeting
Second Great Awakening:
Baptists
• Baptists also spread rapidly
– Rejected Calvinist roots
– John Leland combined Jeffersonian
democracy with Christian morality
• Both groups used popular mass culture
– Took advantage of cheap printing to
produce Bibles, tracts, Sunday School
curricula, etc.
– Took popular songs and wrote new lyrics
• Created interdenominational
organizations:
– American Bible Society
– American Sunday School Union
– American Tract Society
Leland Cheese
Monument
Cheshire, Mass.
Afro-Christianity
• Richard Allen founded Bethel
African Methodist Episcopal
Church (A.M.E.) after whites tried
to segregate St. George’s Methodist
Church in Philadelphia
Richard Allen
Mother Bethel AME Church
Revival Preaching
Quiz- Chapter 12
1. What type of work did Lyman Beecher
and Charles Grandison Finney do?
2. What was Dorthea Dix famous for?
3. Please name one utopian community &
briefly explain what people did there.
4. Please name one romantic writer and
briefly explain the main idea of their
writings.
5. What was the ideal of domesticity?
6. Please briefly explain one division in
the abolitionist movement.
Essay Topics
• Some historians have argued
that the elections of 1800 and
1828 were revolutions in
American political history.
• Support, modify, or refute
this contention using specific
evidence.
• Some historians have
characterized the period
from 1824 to 1848 as the
era of the common man.
• Support, modify, or refute
this contention using
specific evidence.
• Some historians have argued
that the forces that opposed
the growth of the federal
government’s power were
stronger in the early republic
than those that promoted it
from 1789 to 1848.
• Support, modify, or refute this
contention using specific
evidence.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Background: AoC v. Constitution, confederation vs. federalism
Bank
– Hamilton v. Jefferson, Jefferson’s party re-chartered- American
System, McCulloch v. Maryland, Implied Powers, centralization of
powers, Jackson veto gave power to the states
Taxes
– Excise tax & Whiskey Rebellion, Increased federal power
– Jefferson cuts taxes and spending to decrease federal power
– Nullification Crisis- Jackson, Calhoun, increased federal power
Marshall Court
– Judicial Review, Marbury v Madison instead of the state idea of the
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions nullification
– McCulloch- implied powers
– Gibbons- commerce clause
– Dartmouth, Fletcher, right of contract
– Increase federal power
Hartford Convention
– Embargo Act 1807, War of 1812, Mr. Madison’s War, state’s rights New
England, secession, failed,
Political Parties
– Hamilton v Jefferson (Federalist v. Democratic Republican), Jackson
v. Clay (Democrats v. Whigs)
Future: Civil War fought over the issue
• Some historians have argued
that the antebellum reform
movements in the United
States from 1815 to 1860
sought to expand democratic
ideals.
• Support, modify, or refute this
contention using specific
evidence.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Background: 1st Great Awakening
Second Great Awakening
Temperance
Abolition
Education
Utopian Communities
Prison Reform
Future: Divisions, Whigs v. Democrats,
N v. S, See in Progressive Era
• Some historians have
argued that the economy
that emerged after the
War of 1812 constituted
an industrial revolution.
• Support, modify, or refute
this contention using
specific evidence.
Is it an industrial revolution?
Missing that link a lot
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Market Revolution:
– Work and home become separate spheres (women), barter to commercial
economy, national economy, capitalism, urbanization
Manufacturing– Textiles, NE, Slater, Lowell Girls, Immigrants, water power, Interchangeable parts
Agriculture
– Cotton Gin + slavery-South, West- bread basket grain, John Deere steel plows,
mechanical reapers
Transportation
– Canals, steamboats, clipper ships, paved roads, turnpikes, start of RRs,
interconnected economy, 95% drop in shipping costs
Communication
– Telegraphs, Morse code, Western Union
Government
– Laissez-faire economics, patents, LLCs, commerce clause, ends monopolies,
American System- Henry Clay, protectionist tariffs
Banking
– Finance, BUS,