PARADIGMA
PENGEMBANGAN LAHAN
Diabstraksikan dan dihimpun : Nur WPM, Ardy W.S. dan Soemarno, pslp-ppsub 2012
GARDEN APARTMENT
A garden apartment complex consists of low-rise
apartment buildings built with landscaped grounds
surrounding them.
The apartment buildings are often arranged around
courtyards that are open at one end.
A garden apartment has some characteristics of a
townhouse: each apartment has its own building
entrance, or just a few apartments share a small foyer
or stairwell at each building entrance.
Unlike a townhouse, each apartment occupies only one
level.
GARDEN APARTMENT
Modern garden apartment
buildings are never more
than three stories high,
since they typically don't
have elevators/lifts.
However, the first "garden
apartment" buildings in the
United States, developed in
the early 20th century, were
five stories high.
Some garden apartment
buildings place a one-car
garage under each
apartment. The grounds are
more landscaped than for
other modestly scaled
apartments.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.pennconnects.upenn.edu/
growing_greener/growing_greener.ph
p…… 1/11/2012
A garden apartment is a living unit located at ground level on
property that is usually landscaped.
Although the term garden apartment is often used loosely to
describe any first floor apartment such as one in a high rise
or basement, a true garden apartment has no household
above it.
Garden apartments are not vertically stacked, but rather
horizontally spread out in an open area that may have a
courtyard.
Garden apartments are found all over the world.
Attractive garden apartments have well cared-for grounds
with flowers and trees. The owners of the apartment property
are responsible for the upkeep of the outdoor areas. If an area
for dogs is included, then tenants are responsible for cleaning
up after their pets.
Some garden apartments may include a small yard, but most
have a patio. A garden apartment patio can be a nice place to
have a barbecue or outdoor meal or just enjoy some fresh air
if the grounds are well maintained.
Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-gardenapartment.htm …… 1/11/2012
Villa Batu Malang
Harga sewa villa di kawasan ini bervariatif, mulai
dari Rp 150.000 per kamar Playground Alternatif
Wahana Wisata Dan Edukasi Murah
Informasi lengkap mengenai villa Batu
Malang bisa anda lihat disini. Dengan
hawa yang sejuk ditambah dengan
suasana yang tenang dan nyaman
menjadikan kota Batu Malang sebagai
salah satu penyedia villa untuk
beristirahat dari rutinitas sehari hari.
Dengan fasilitas yang lengkap layaknya
Hotel Surabaya semakin banyak turis
mancanegara dan domestik yang
menjadikan Batu Malang menjadi salah
satu alternatif untuk menghabiskan
waktu liburan. Aneka villa di Batu
Malang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan
harga yang terjangkau.
Vila Batu Malang berada di kawasan
asri dengan pemandangan alam yang
luar biasa. Anda juga bisa melihat
keindahan kota Malang dan sekitarnya
dari atas Villa.
Diunduh dari sumber: http://achiles-punyablog.blogspot.com/2010/09/villa-batu-malang.html …… 1/11/2012
Konversi lahan sawah menjadi perumahan, terjadi di kawasan pinggiran kota
Faktor Penyebab Konversi
Lahan Sawah
Menurut Pasandaran (2006),
paling tidak ada tiga faktor,
baik sendiri-sendiri maupun
bersama-sama yang
menentukan konversi lahan
sawah, yaitu:
1. Kelangkaan sumberdaya
lahan dan air
2. Dinamika pembangunan
3. Peningkatan jumlah
penduduk.
Foto . Smno-20120
Pembangunan kawasan pusat pasar di pinggiran kota dilakukan dengan
mengkonversi lahan sawah irigasi yang produktif. “Land development “
mengorbankan jasa-jasa lingkungan dari ekosistem sawah
Menurut Irawan (2005),
konversi lahan pertanian
pada dasarnya terjadi
akibat adanya persaingan
pemanfaatan lahan
pertanian dengan nonpertanian.
Sedangkan persaingan
pemanfaatan lahan
muncul akibat adanya
tiga fenomena ekonomi
dan sosial yaitu :
a) keterbatasan
sumberdaya lahan,
b) pertumbuhan
penduduk, dan
c) pertumbuhan
ekonomi.
Foto . smno-2011
Sebagai ekosistem alam, DAS merupakan unit hidrologi (tata air) yang
berperan sebagai integrator dan indikator terbaik untuk pengelolaan DAS.
Integrated Land
Development
Project - ILD to
improve land use
and water
management
efficiency in the
basin
Integrated land
development is a
key of sustainable
resource
management and
should be tested
in a pilot project .
http://nandito106.wordpress.com/2010/02/13/daerah-aliran-sungai-das-sebagai-unit-rehabilitasi-hutan-dan-lahan-rhl/
Lessons In Sustainable Land
Development
Increased rates of deforestation,
unsustainable agricultural land
use, and severe soil
degradation are creating
widespread poverty and
environmental degradation in
developing countries.
Each day; the world loses about
125 square miles of its forests.
That’s 34.5 million acres or 14
million hectares every year Most
of this takes place in the
developing countries of the
humid tropics.
Reforestation efforts are limited
to only about 10% of the total
area and most efforts are not
promising.
Penyebab Global Warming: Deforestasi, terutama
hutan tropis untuk kayu, pulp, dan lahan pertanian.
Penggunaan hutan untuk bahan bakar (baik kayu dan arang)
merupakan salah satu penyebab deforestasi. Di seluruh
dunia pemakaian produk kayu dan kertas semakin
meningkat, kebutuhan akan lahan ternak semakin meningkat
untuk pemasok daging dan susu, dan penggunaan lahan
hutan tropis untuk komoditas seperti perkebunan kelapa
sawit menjadi penyebab utama terhadap deforestasi dunia.
Penebangan hutan akan mengakibatkan pelepasan karbon
dalam jumlah besar ke atmosfir.
Diunduh dari sumber: http://www.tipsmutipsku.com/2012/02/penyebab-dan-dampak-global-warming.html
Lessons In Sustainable Land Development
Every year, the equivalent of 40 billion tons of
carbon dioxide enters the global atmosphere,
the result of the ever-increasing use of fossil
fuels.
This increase in atmospheric carbon, in
combination with the loss of forests has
combined to make global climate change worse.
Lessons In
Sustainable Land
Development
The adoption of sustainable
agriculture is often proposed
as a solution to these
problems.
Maksimalisasi Tutupan Hijau Lahan dengan
Agroforestry
Agroforestry : penggunaan lahan, dimana tanaman keras
berkayu (pepohonan, perdu, palem, bambu, dsb) ditanam
secara bersamaan dalam unit lahan yang sama dengan
tanaman pertanian dan/atau ternak, dengan tujuan tertentu,
dalam bentuk pengaturan ruang atau urutan waktu, dan
didalamnya terdapat interaksi ekologi dan ekonomi di
antara berbagai komponen yang bersangkutan.
Sustainable agriculture is
concerned with agricultural
practices that are
economically viable, meet
human needs for food, are
environmentally friendly, and
improve quality of life.
Agroforestry is one such land
use practice that maintains
sustainability at its core.
Diunduh dari sumber: http://tulisannovan.blogspot.com/2011/09/maksimalisasi-tutupan-hijau-lahan.html…
1/11/2012
Lessons In Sustainable Land
Development
Deforestation is a major
unsustainable land use practice. Yet
little is being done to address its
economic, environmental and
ecological impact.
Penggundulan Hutan
Manusia selalu menebang pohon tanpa
mempertimbangkan keseimbangan alam. Penebangan
secara sembarangan meliputi kegiatan penebangan,
pengangkutan dan penjualan kayu yang tidak sah dan
tidak mendapat izin dari otoritas setempat. Hal ini
berakibat buruk untuk hutan dan juga lingkungan
hidup: tanah longsor, banjir, dan juga kekurangan
oksigen.
Clear-cut logging, uncontrolled brush
and forest fires, and traditional slash
and burn agricultural techniques have
damaged the environment as well as
the agricultural resource base.
Additionally, every year, reforestation
efforts that intend to help
communities are actually assisting in
planting the wrong types of tree
species, resulting in long term
damage. This concerns all of us,
especially the families who rely on
trees for the basic necessities of life:
fuel, water, food, building materials,
and the air we breathe.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://rianyudistira13.blogspot.com/2010/10/penggundulan-hutan.html…
1/11/2012
Lessons In Sustainable Land
Development
Deforestation is a major unsustainable
land use practice. Yet little is being done
to address its economic, environmental
and ecological impact.
MOJOKERTO, 22/7- KAYU BAKAR.
Dua orang pencari kayu bakar, sedang mendorong sepeda
yang berisi kayu bakar dari sisa penebangan di Resort
Pemangku Hutan (RPH) Dawarblandong, Mojokerto, Jatim.
Kayu bakar tersebut dijual ketingkat pengepul di
Kabupaten Mojokerto dengan harga Rp. 30.000 per sekali
angkut.
FOTO ANTARA/Syaiful Arif/ed/hp/09
Clear-cut logging, uncontrolled brush
and forest fires, and traditional slash
and burn agricultural techniques have
damaged the environment as well as the
agricultural resource base. Additionally,
every year, reforestation efforts that
intend to help communities are actually
assisting in planting the wrong types of
tree species, resulting in long term
damage.
This concerns all of us, especially the
families who rely on trees for the basic
necessities of life: fuel, water, food,
building materials, and the air we
breathe.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.antarafoto.com/peristiwa/v1248236262/kayu-bakar…
1/11/2012
CUTTING TREES NOT
BAD
Cutting trees is NOT a bad
thing. Trees are an
important resource for
everyone on earth. The
problem is when people
cut trees but do not replant
them.
Trees are cut for many
reasons. Industries based
on construction and
making items such as
furniture (beds, tables) arealways in need of valuable
hardwood trees.
Diunduh dari: http://texastreeplanting.tamu.edu/PlantTreeProperly.html
Lessons In Sustainable Land
Development
CUTTING TREES NOT BAD
Wood (sometimes in the form of
charcoal) is the major source of
cooking fuel for over half of the
world (FAO 1999). Because
populations and industries in every
country are growing, there is
always a growing pressure on
forest resources.
Slash-and-burn agriculture,
characterized by periodic burning
of the land both to get rid of weeds
and to use the ash as fertilizer, is
also contributing to the rapid loss
of the world’s forests.
Diunduh dari sumber:
http://www.wahoociviccenter.com/ ….. 1/11/2012
Lessons In Sustainable
Land Development
CUTTING TREES NOT
BAD
Planting Location
A properly planted and maintained tree will grow faster and live longer.
Optimum planting time is early spring after the ground is thawed and before
the tree begins to actively develop foliage. This is the time to plant bare root
trees.
Brush and forest fires not
only inhibit the
regeneration of tree
seedlings (though some
grasses, trees and shrubs
have evolved the ability to
regenerate after fires),
they also destroy what
little organic matter
remains in the soil.
Fires are often caused by
smoking and cigarettes,
unskilled beeking
techniques, and
uncontrolled burning of
fields for cultivation and
grazing.
Sumber:
http://www.ci.coonrapids.mn.us/publicwor
ks/forestry/planting.htm
OVERGRAZING IS
BAD
Lahan Kritis merupakan lahan yang keadaan fisiknya demikian
rupa sehingga lahan tersebut tidak dapat berfungsi secara baik
sesuai dengan peruntukannya sebagai media produksi maupun
sebagai media tata air.
Overgrazing is another major
cause of land degradation.
Communities all over the
world rely on animals for
food, fiber, and labor.
Herding animals through
grazing lands, if done
correctly, is a viable way to
produce livestock, but it is
seldom done correctly. There
are always too many animals
in too little space, trampling
the ground and eating all of
the vegetation, including tree
seedlings.
http://edijabonpadalarang.wordpress.com/2010/10/12/menyelamatkan-lahan-kritis/
Sengon kami yang ditanam 3 tahun yang lalu ,akhirnya kami jual ,
untuk biaya mengembangkan kebun ini. Harga borongan,
Rp.50.000/tanaman , ada 800 tanaman . Ada yang diameter 25 cm
dan ada yang diameter 15 cm .
SOME TREES CAUSE
LONG TERM DAMAGE
In the global program of
Trees for the Future, we
provide seeds of multipurpose, fast-growing
(MPFG) trees.
In order to extend the
program into many
climatic zones, and to
make it more beneficial to
the participants, we are
constantly looking for
promising species, but we
approach this with a great
of care when making
recommendations.
http://embundaun.wordpress.com/category/tanaman-industri/pohon-sengon/
SOME TREES CAUSE LONG
TERM DAMAGE
Eucalyptus trees grow rapidly
into true trees at a wide range of
elevations, soils, and climatic
conditions.
Eucalyptus Trees
Plantations are not meant to support a complex
ecosystem. A successful plantation species has to
grow fast, have adequate wood properties and be
resistant to disease when grown as a monoculture. The
eucalyptus can also become needy of room and
produce extra vegetation and dominate areas where
they are not welcome. Eucalyptus trees and hybrids of
eucalyptus usually have a high productivity.
They sustainably produce
fuelwood and timber suitable for
many local construction needs,
and they produce oil used in
some medications and other
products,
But eucalyptus trees do not lend
themselves to sustainable land
management systems
(Lisanework and Michelson,
1993).
Diunduh dari: http://www4.ncsu.edu/~ankanipe/World%20Forestry/
SOME TREES CAUSE LONG
TERM DAMAGE
. More than 4 billion Eucalyptus trees of over
150 species grow in the different climates of
Brazil.
Farmers quickly discovered that
eucalyptus trees are causing
problems with their roots by
taking all available water and
nutrients from neighboring trees
and crops, and also their leaves,
which blanket the ground,
inhibiting new growth.
Eucalyptus trees inhibit the
growth of other vegetation,
exposing soils to erosion, and
causing lakes and ground water
to disappear with their
aggressive roots.
. http://git-forestry-blog.blogspot.com/2007/10/eucalyptuspaulistana-brazilian-giant.html
SOME TREES CAUSE LONG
TERM DAMAGE
Pine trees which are planted
throughout much of the world for
their valuable timber present a
similar problem. Beneath pine
trees, you will rarely find a
productive understory; you tend to
find a blanket of acidic needles
that inhibit the growth of
everything.
The needles are also a great fuel
for forest fires.
Pine trees do have their benefits,
but like eucalyptus trees, they do
not lend themselves to sustainable
land management systems.
These trees can leave soils in
much worse condition than when
they were planted.
Allelopathic Effects of Pinus halepensis Needles on
Turfgrasses and Biosensor Plants
Panayiotis A. Nektarios, Garyfalia Economou and Christos Avgoulas
HortScience February 2005 vol. 40 no. 1 246-250.
Fresh, senesced, and decaying pine needles from Pinus halepensis
were evaluated for their allelopathic potential on Festuca
arundinacea, Cynodon dactylon and the biosensor plants Avena
sativa and Lemna minor through in vivo and in vitro studies. The in
vivo study was performed in growth chambers, using 6, 12, and 18
g of pine needle tissue mixed with screened perlite as a substrate.
The effects of the different pine needle types were evaluated by
determining the total root length, total root surface, root dry weight,
total shoot length, total shoot surface, and shoot dry weight. The in
vitro study was performed in Petri dishes where seeds from each
species were subjected to an increasing concentration of pine
needle extract. The extracts were obtained from pine needle ground
tissue that was diluted with water and either shacked at room
temperature or placed in water bath at 40 °C for 24 h. The
evaluation of the allelopathic potential was performed with the
determination of radicle length. The allelopathic potential of the
pine needle tissues was confirmed with bioassays using oat (A.
sativa) and duckweed (L. minor). The results strongly suggested
the allelopathic potential of the pine needle tissue, being more
pronounced in the fresh, moderate in the senesced, and low in the
decaying pine needles. The allelopathic substances were speciesspecific, and the inhibition resistance of the species tested
followed the order F. arundinacea > C. dactylon > A. sativa. The
inhibition of the L. minor suggested that the water soluble
phytotoxic compounds were inhibitors of Photosystem II.
SOME TREES CAUSE
LONG TERM DAMAGE
Aneka jenis tanaman sela dapat ditanam di antara barisan
tegakan sengon hingga umur 4 tahun
In any program of Trees
for the Future,
it encourage communities
to plant multipurpose fast
growing trees that not only
produce useful products
within a short time,
but also encourage the
growth of field crops,
vegetables, and other
vegetation around them.
http://sengonalbasia.com/?kontak-kami,2
WATER AND SOIL
Chemical fertilizers and insecticides are unsustainable,
temporary solutions that rarely improve the quality of the soil.
Pesticides often kill many of the insects and microbes in soils
that are needed for natural processes.
There are, in fact, many beneficial insects that eat many of the
pest insects, but most insecticides kill everything
indiscriminately.
Furthermore, insecticides get concentrated from smaller insects
to the larger animals that eat them, ultimately poisoning the
entire food chain.
Alternatives to pesticide use entail (1) giving crops the strength
they need to resist infestation by adding nutrients and organic
matter to the soil, and (2) using Integrated Pest Management
techniques that ward off and kill insects.
WATER AND SOIL
Fertilizers also cause long term damage, and are often
inadequate in their nutrient composition.
Soil need rich organic matter in the form of humus, compost,
manure, etc.
Commercial fertilizers, often in the form of NPK pellets, contain
just nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus. These are three of the
major nutrients, but there are also plenty of other nutrients –
such as manganese, iron, boron, zinc, and copper – that
chemical fertilizers tend not to contain.
Furthermore, rains can immediately leach these chemical
fertilizers down through the soil, contaminating groundwater and
forcing farmers to apply more fertilizer every year.
SOIL AND FERTILIZER
Green manures are sustainable alternatives to chemical
fertilizers.
Agricultural crops which received green manure of Gliricidia
sepium (kakawate) yielded 9.5 tons per hectare of corn in
Oromia, Ethiopia.
A similar yield was obtained from plots which received green
manure of ipil-ipil and Leucaena diversifalia, but a significantly
‘reduced yield was obtained from plots receiving recommended
levels of chemical fertilizer.
This implies that the use of multipurpose fast growing
agroforestry species as a green manure can boost grain
production over levels obtained from chemical fertilizer.
Additionally, the multipurpose species provide the farmer with
fruit, fuelwood, fodder and construction wood.
JENIS-JENIS TANAMAN PENUTUP TANAH (LCC) DI
PERKEBUNAN
Penutup tanah memberikan berbagai keuntungan yaitu
meningkatkan kesuburan tanah, melindungi permukaan
tanah dari bahaya erosi, memperbaiki sifat-sifat tanah
akibat pembakaran, mendorong pertumbuhan tanaman,
menekan serangan penyakit jamur akar, dan menekan
biaya pengendalian gulma.
Nilai lahan sawah dipengaruhi oleh rencana tata
ruang daerah
The effects of potential
land development on
agricultural land prices
We conduct a national-scale analysis of
the determinants of agricultural land
values.
The empirical model of agricultural land
prices is estimated with a cross-section
on approximately three thousand
counties in the contiguous US.
The results provide evidence that option
values associated with irreversible and
uncertain land development are
capitalized into current farmland values.
For each county, we decompose the
current agricultural land value into
components measuring rents from
agricultural production and rents from
future land development.
Foto . Marno-2011
Agricultural Land Values and
the Value of Rights to
Future Land Development
Effects of future land development on
current agricultural land values.
From a theoretical model of land
markets, we derive a reduced-form
expression for agricultural land values
in terms of observable variables.
The estimated model, together with a
spatial interpolation algorithm, is used
to generate a surface of estimated
development rights values for Orange
County.
This approach overcomes several
problems that arise with the use of
standard appraisal methods to value
conservation easements.
Pembangunan jalan telah meningkatkan harga
lahan sawah di sekitarnya dan mendorong
konversinya menjadi penggunaan lain
Foto . Marno-2010