Questions:
What are the monomers called that DNA is made of?
What are the three components of
DNA?
What sugar is DNA made of?
What are the 4 nucleotides of DNA?


Made of nucleotides – which are made of
 5 carbon sugar - deoxyribose
 Phosphate group
 Nitrogenous base
There are 4 nitrogen bases
 Adenine
 Guanine
 Cytosine
 Thymine

Questions:
What is the shape of DNA?
Who discovered the shape of DNA?
Describe how DNA is configured?

double helix
 Discovered Watson and Crick

sides
sugar
phosphate

nitrogenous bases
 Adenine and thymine
 Cytosine and guanine

Questions:
Explain the steps of
DNA replication?
What is the result of
DNA replication?
How does the why
DNA replicates help conserve genetic information?


DNA has 2 complementary sides
To replicate:
 An enzyme called DNA helicase splits
DNA down the middle
 It begins at a point called the replication fork
 It separate in both directions
 As it separates into 2 sides complementary bases (in the nucleus) attach to each side using DNA polymerase
 This results in two identical pieces of DNA – each with 1 original and 1 new strand
SC.912.L.16.3 Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of genetic information.

Questions:
What is RNA?
How is the RNA similar and different from the
DNA molecule?




RNA – Is slightly different
It is only a single strand
Its nucleotide made of:
 5 carbon sugar ribose
 Phosphate group
 Nitrogenous bases
Contains the nitrogen bases:
 Adenine
 Guanine
 Cytosine
 Uracil

Questions:
What are the three types of RNA and what is the job of each?

three types of
RNA –
 Messenger RNA – contain instructions
 Ribosomal RNA – assembles the protein
 Transfer RNA – transfers amino acids to the ribosomes

Questions:
What is the process of making RNA called?
Explain the steps of making RNA.


RNA is made by copying part of DNA
 Called transcription
Steps
 RNA polymerase separates the
DNA at a specific location
 RNA nitrogen bases attach to one of the strands of DNA ( uracil instead of thymine)
 The piece of RNA separated from the DNA
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes.

Questions:
Why does RNA need to be edited?
What are the parts called that are removed and kept?
What type of RNA is made in the end?
 Editing must happen before
RNA leaves the nucleus
 Gets rid of unneeded pieces called introns
 Keeps the parts called exons
 The exons bond together to make mRNA
 The mRNA leaves the nucleus to go to the ribosomes
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes.

Questions:
What is the process of making proteins called?
What is a codon and where is it found?
How and why is the genetic code universal to most organisms?



Process is called translation
Made by joining amino acids into long chains called polypeptides
 Sequence of the amino acids determines the protein
The steps:
 mRNA is sent to the ribosome
 mRNA reads 3 letters at a time (these 3 letters are called codon )
 Each codon represents a single amino acid (AUG=Start)
 These codons represent the universal genetic code
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes.
SC.912.19.9 Explain how and why the genetic code is universal and is common to almost all organisms.

Questions:
Explain the steps of protein translation?
(remember the previous slide)






The mRNA sends for a tRNA that has the complementary nucleotides (called anticodon ) that they are needed
The tRNA brings a specific amino acids to the ribosome
The amino acid the tRNA carries is bonded to the polypeptide chain
The tRNA is released from the mRNA and leaves to get another amino acid
This continues until a stop codon is reached
Then the polypeptide (protein) is released and goes where it is needed
SC.912.L.16.5 Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes.

Questions:
What is a mutation?
What is a gene mutation?
What types of gene mutations are there and what are some examples?


Mutation – change in the genetic material
Types:
 Gene mutations – mistakes in a specific gene
 Can be frame shift
 Insertion – when a nitrogenous base is added
 Deletion – when a nitrogenous base is removed
 Non- frame shift
 Substitution – one nitrogenous base is wrong - causes a different the amino acid
SC.912.L.16.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence may or may not result in phenotypic change. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in the offspring.
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agent to health from the perspective of both the individual and public health.

Questions:
What are chromosomal mutations?
Explain the differences between the types of mutations?
 Chromosomal mutations – changes in the structure of the chromosome
 There are 4 types:
 Deletion
– part of chromosome is missing
 Duplication
– part of the chromosome is repeated
 Inversion – part of the chromosome is flipped over
 Translocation – part of the chromosome is removed from one chromosome and attached to another
SC.912.L.16.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence may or may not result in phenotypic change. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in the offspring.
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agent to health from the perspective of both the individual and public health.

Questions:



Some are neutral –
 a single letter change may still give the same amino acid
Some are harmful
–
 May change protein structures or gene activity
 Cause disorders or mutations
Some are h elpful –
 cause variations that all the organism to survive its environment
(extra fur, color change)
SC.912.L.16.4 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence may or may not result in phenotypic change. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in the offspring.
SC.912.L.14.6 Explain the significance of genetic factors, environmental factors, and pathogenic agent to health from the perspective of both the individual and public health.