Giving USA 2011
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GIVING USA 2011
The Annual Report on Philanthropy for the Year 2010
Giving USA 2011 is published by the
Giving USA Foundation™
and has been researched and written by
Overview
What is Giving USA?
Sources of giving
Types of recipients
Rates of change
Trends in total giving
Trends in sources of giving
Trends in types of recipients
Trends in number of nonprofit organizations
Trends in volunteering
What is Giving USA?
Most comprehensive annual report about U.S. charitable giving.
Estimates for:
— Sources of giving;
— Amounts received by type of organization.
Published by the Giving USA Foundation™.
Started in 1956 by the American Association of
Fundraising Counsel, now Giving Institute: Leading Consultants
to Nonprofits.
Made possible by contributions from many.
2010 charitable giving
Total = $290.89 billion
Sources of Contributions, 2010
Total giving = $290.89 billion.
Increase of 3.8 percent (2.1 percent adjusted for inflation).
Individuals remain the single most important source.
Individuals + charitable bequests = 81 percent of total.
Foundation grantmaking = 14 percent of the total.
— About three-fifths of independent foundation giving is from
family foundations.
Individual + Bequest + Family Foundations = 87 percent.
Corporate giving is an estimated 5 percent of the total.
Types of recipients of contributions, 2010
Total = $290.89 billion
Types of recipients of contributions, 2010
Religion remains the largest single recipient at 35 percent
of total.
After religion, next highest categories are:
— Education
— Foundations
— Human services
14 percent
11 percent
9 percent
Estimates grounded in data submitted by organizations to
national agencies.
— Revisions made when new data available.
Unallocated includes gifts to government agencies, public
schools (public school foundations are included), or new
charities; grants to organizations in other countries; and
differences in fiscal year.
Changes in giving by source
Current $
Changes in giving by source
Current $
Total up 3.8 percent in 2010.
Increase attributable to modest economic recovery.
Individual giving up by 2.7 percent from 2009.
Charitable bequests rose an estimated 18.8 percent in 2010
after a very large decrease (38.7 percent) in 2009.
Foundation grantmaking decreased an estimated 0.2 percent
in 2010.
Corporate giving increased an estimated 10.6 percent in 2010,
attributable to large in-kind contributions and increased
corporate profitability.
— Includes grantmaking by corporate foundations.
Changes in giving by source
Inflation-adjusted $
Changes in giving by source
Inflation-adjusted $
Giving rose in 2010 by 2.1 percent, adjusted for inflation.
While a positive sign, it is sobering to think that at this rate
of increase, it will take five to six years for giving to return to
pre-recession levels, adjusted for inflation.
Individual giving rose in 2010 by 1.1 percent, adjusted for
inflation.
Charitable bequests rose 16.9 percent adjusted for inflation in
2010, after decreasing in 2009 according to IRS records.
Foundation giving fell 1.8 percent in 2010, adjusted for inflation.
Corporate giving increased 8.8 percent in 2010, adjusted for
inflation.
Changes in giving by recipient organization
Current $
Changes in giving by recipient organization
Current $
Estimated giving in current dollars held steady or increased
modestly in all subsectors except international affairs, which
saw a large increase, and environment/animals, which saw a
slight decrease.
Giving USA estimates growth in giving by:
International affairs
15.3 percent
Public/society benefit
6.2 percent
Arts, culture, and humanities
5.7 percent
Education
5.2 percent
Giving to foundations
1.9 percent
Health
1.3 percent
The following subsectors remained steady or declined slightly:
Religion
Human services
Environment/animals
0.8 percent
0.1 percent
-0.7 percent
Changes in giving by recipient
organization, inflation-adjusted $
Changes in giving by recipient
organization, inflation-adjusted $
Inflation adjustment uses Consumer Price Index.
When 2010 = $100, then 2009 = $98.39.
Adjusted for inflation, the following subsectors saw growth:
International affairs
13.5 percent
Public/society benefit
4.5 percent
Arts, culture, and humanities
4.1 percent
Education
3.5 percent
The following subsectors remained steady or declined slightly,
adjusted for inflation:
Giving to foundations
Health
Religion
Human services
Environment/animals
0.2 percent
-0.3 percent
-0.8 percent
-1.5 percent
-2.3 percent
Total giving, 1970–2010
Total giving, 1970–2010
Total giving increased in current dollars every year but three
since recording began.
— 2008 and 2009; and
— 1987, when 1986 tax law change led some to “give early”
to maximize the tax benefit of giving.
Giving grows more slowly—or declines adjusted for inflation—
in recession years.
In 2008, total giving fell 7.0 percent adjusted for inflation.
This is the worst result on record; 2009 follows with a decline
in total giving of 6.2 percent, adjusted for inflation.
2010’s inflation-adjusted increase of 2.1 percent is promising
but does little to address the overall drop of approximately
13 percent in giving (adjusted for inflation) over the years
of the current recession.
History suggests giving will increase as the economy improves.
Giving by individuals, 1970–2010
Giving by individuals, 1970–2010
Individual giving = $211.77 billion in 2010.
Increase of 2.7 percent (1.1 percent when adjusted for
inflation).
Majority of donors continue to give even as income and wealth
fluctuate.
Giving usually falls in recessions. Range is from a decline of
11.6 percent (inflation adjusted) for 2008 and an increase of
2.4 percent (inflation adjusted) in 1981.
A very small number of households have net worth of $1 billion
or more. One mega-gift from this group can change the results.
In 2010, six high-net-worth donors made gifts totaling $0.272
billion. This year, such gifts have a negligible impact on total
giving by individuals.
Giving by bequest, 1970–2010
Giving by bequest, 1970–2010
Charitable bequests = $22.83 billion in 2010.
Increase of 18.8 percent (16.9 percent adjusted for inflation).
Estimated $18.59 billion in charitable bequests from estates
that would normally file federal estate tax returns.
Estimates of the average charitable bequest amount per nonfiling estate result in estimated contributions historically
ranging from approximately $3 billion to more than $7 billion.
Giving USA uses a number reflective of the more conservative
end of the spectrum of estimates.
Giving by foundations, 1970–2010
Data: The Foundation Center
Giving by foundations, 1970–2010
The Foundation Center estimated $41 billion in giving by
independent, community, and operating foundations in 2010.
−Does not include corporate foundations.
Decrease of 0.2 percent (-1.8 percent adjusted for inflation).
In 2010, some foundations reduced grantmaking for strategic
reasons, but many others were experiencing the effects of the
rocky economic period.
Giving by corporations, 1970–2010
Giving by corporations, 1970–2010
Corporate giving = $15.29 billion in 2010.
Increase of 10.6 percent (8.8 percent adjusted for inflation).
5 percent of total estimated contributions in 2010.
According to the Committee Encouraging Corporate
Philanthropy, overall corporate giving in 2010 was likely
significantly bolstered by an increase of in-kind donations by
pharmaceutical companies.
Giving by source: Percentage of the total
by five-year spans, 1971–2010
Giving by source: Percentage of the total
by five-year spans, 1971–2010
Over the past 40 years, the major shift has been a growing
share of the total coming from foundations and a lower share
from individuals. In part, this is because of the increased
number of family foundations and their growing assets.
Foundation giving in the 2006–2010 period was higher than
in any other period, reaching 13 percent of total giving and
rising twice above its lowest level in the years between 1976
and 1985.
About three-fifths of the amount contributed by independent
foundations is from family foundations, according to the
Foundation Center. In many ways, grants from family
foundations are a form of giving by individuals.
Total giving by source by five-year spans
in inflation-adjusted dollars, 1971–2010
Total giving by source by five-year spans
in inflation-adjusted dollars, 1971–2010
After two decades of comparatively slow growth from 1971
through 1995, giving shows a steep increase from 1996
through 2010 (adjusted for inflation).
The amount given from corporations, foundations, and
individuals has risen steadily since 1995.
Bequests increased in amount from 1996–2005 but have
increased only slowly in the past five years.
All Giving USA estimates are on the conservative side, as they
rely on tax returns filed by donors and information returns filed
by foundations.
Giving USA has used the same methods for estimating giving
over time (with occasional adjustments), which allows for
comparison of trends and identification of opportunities.
Total giving and trends for total giving:
1970–2010
Total giving and trends for total giving:
1970–2010
Total giving in 2010 increased by $10.59 billion from the
revised current-dollar estimate of $280.30 billion in 2009.
This is a change of approximately 3.8 percent before adjusting
for inflation. Because $100 in 2010 was worth $98.39 in 2009,
the inflation-adjusted change is less at 2.1 percent.
While the amounts may be higher or lower in some
years, the total from bequests is largely driven by how
many estates include a bequest.
Total giving as a percentage of Gross
Domestic Product, 1970–2010
Data are rounded.
Total giving as a percentage of Gross
Domestic Product, 1970–2010
For 2010, giving is an estimated 2.0 percent of GDP.
Giving has remained 2.0 percent or more of GDP since 1997.
Giving was at or above 2.0 percent of GDP from 1956 through
1972. It declined below 2.0 percent in 1973 and stayed below
that threshold until 1997.
Total charitable giving and the Standard &
Poor's 500 Index (Adjusted for inflation)
Total charitable giving and the Standard &
Poor's 500 Index (Adjusted for inflation)
Individual, foundation, and estate contributions are all
influenced to some extent by donor asset levels.
Most high-net-worth households hold some of their assets, but
not necessarily the majority, in stocks. Foundations and estates
have diverse portfolios, often governed by trustees and
investment policies.
Even with these variations in assets and holdings, historically
there is a statistically significant correlation between changes
in total giving and changes in the Standard & Poor’s Index.
Note that when graphed together, giving does not rise as
quickly as the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, nor does it fall
as steeply when the index declines.
Individual giving as a share of
disposable income, 1970–2010
Individual giving as a share of
disposable income, 1970–2010
Individual giving was an estimated 1.9 percent of DPI for 2010.
Disposable personal income is the amount available to
households after payment of taxes.
Charitable giving by individuals and households is typically
made from income.
Some donors also give from their assets, including stock, real
estate, personal property, or other valuables.
One 2008 study found that 40 percent of high-net-worth
households made major gift-level contributions from assets in
2007.
By using the same methods annually, Giving USA’s trend
analysis allows for comparison over time.
Corporate giving as a percentage of
corporate pretax profits, 1970–2010
Data are rounded.
Corporate giving as a percentage of
corporate pretax profits, 1970–2010
Corporate giving, which includes grants from corporate
foundations, is estimated to be 0.9 percent of corporate profits
for 2010. Corporate giving has remained at or below 1.0
percent of corporate profits since 2004.
Many corporations strive to maintain their giving at a fairly
consistent level. In-kind giving is an increasingly prevalent
means of corporate support.
Recent trends tracked by the Committee Encouraging Corporate
Philanthropy show an increased focus on strategic giving.
Even though giving by corporations increased significantly in
2009 and 2010 in both current and inflation-adjusted dollars, as
companies shift their philanthropic priorities, many charitable
organizations have experienced changes in the amount received
from corporations.
Giving to religion, 1970–2010
Giving to religion, 1970–2010
Religion = $100.63 billion in 2010.
Increase of 0.8 percent (-0.8 percent adjusted for inflation).
35 percent of total estimated giving.
Giving to religion has historically increased over time, but at a
slower rate than giving to other types of charities. Recently,
giving to religion has flattened.
This estimate includes contributions to houses of worship, the
organizing or national offices of denominations and faith
groups, ministries, and religious communities.
This estimate does not include contributions to faith-based
organizations offering other services, such as healthcare,
education, or social services.
Giving to education, 1970–2010
Giving to education, 1970–2010
Education = $41.67 billion in 2010.
Increase of 5.2 percent (3.5 percent adjusted for inflation).
14 percent of total estimated giving.
Giving USA reports on a calendar year. Many institutions of
education operate on a fiscal year; other reports may show a
different level of change because they include fall 2009 and
spring 2010 in one reporting period.
Giving USA’s findings include higher education giving for
calendar 2010, including contributions estimated for public,
private, and charter K-12 schools, after-school and tutoring
programs, libraries, and programs focusing on education
research and policy.
Giving to foundations, 1970–2010
Data: The Foundation Center
Giving to foundations, 1970–2010
Foundation gifts received estimated at $33 billion in 2010.
Increase of 1.9 percent (0.2 percent adjusted for inflation).
11 percent of total giving.
Giving USA’s findings include giving to private foundations,
community foundations, and operating foundations. It does
not include freestanding donor-advised funds, which are in
public-society benefit.
Giving to human services, 1970–2010
Giving to human services, 1970–2010
Human services = $26.49 billion in 2010.
Increase of 0.1 percent in 2010 (-1.5 percent adjusted for
inflation).
9 percent of total giving.
The 2010 number may reflect the modest economic recovery
underway, as many individual and corporate donors who added
to or switched their giving priorities to address urgent
community needs during the depth of the recession may see
this issue as less pressing now.
Human services organizations also received 75% of giving for
Haitian earthquake relief in 2010.
Human services organizations provide a wide range of services,
including providing food, clothing, shelter, legal services,
employment counseling, senior- or youth-focused recreational
activities, and case management and coordination services.
Giving to health, 1970–2010
Giving to health, 1970–2010
Health = $22.83 billion in 2010.
Increase of 1.3 percent (-0.3 percent adjusted for inflation).
8 percent of total estimated giving in 2010.
Giving USA reports on a calendar year. Many healthcare
organizations operate on a fiscal year; some other reports
show a different level of change because they include fall 2009
and spring 2010 in one reporting period.
Health organizations include those providing care, such as
clinics and hospitals. They also include health-related research
facilities, disease specific organizations for research or
patient/family support, mental health services and research,
and health policy centers.
Giving to public-society benefit
1970–2010
Giving to public-society benefit
1970–2010
Public-society benefit = $24.24 billion in 2010.
Increase of 6.2 percent (4.5 percent adjusted for inflation).
8 percent of total estimated giving in 2010.
The increase in this subsector is likely the result of contributions
to donor-advised funds experiencing strong recovery.
This subsector includes United Ways, Jewish federations, and
freestanding donor-advised funds (community foundation
donor-advised funds appear in giving to foundations). This
subsector also includes civil rights, voter education and
registration, public policy research, social science research and
community and neighborhood economic and civic development.
It also includes leadership development programs.
Giving to arts, culture, and humanities
1970–2010
Giving to arts, culture, and humanities
1970–2010
Arts, culture, and humanities = $13.28 billion in 2010.
Increase of 5.7 percent (4.1 percent adjusted for inflation).
5 percent of total estimated giving in 2010.
The 40-year trend shows a long period of almost no growth,
from 1970 through 1994, followed by a few years of steep rates
of growth. Despite this year's increase, the overall trend is that
the arts are now in a period of slow growth or no growth.
Arts, culture, and humanities organizations engage in
performance, exhibition, creation, teaching, and preservation
of arts and cultural assets. They also include humanities
organizations, historical societies, and public and nonprofit
media organizations.
Giving to international affairs, 1970–2010
Giving to international affairs, 1970–2010
International affairs = $15.77 billion in 2010.
An increase of 15.3 percent (13.5 percent adjusted for inflation).
5 percent of total estimated giving in 2010.
International giving began to be tracked separately in 1987.
Recent growth in giving reflects developing priorities for
charitable activity in developing countries.
International affairs organizations also received 25% of giving
for Haitian earthquake relief in 2010.
International affairs refers to organizations focused on
international aid, development, and relief, as well as policy
and analysis of international affairs.
Giving to environment/animals
1970–2010
Giving to environment/animals
1970–2010
Environment/animals = $6.66 billion in 2010.
Decrease of 0.7 percent (-2.3 percent adjusted for inflation).
Two percent of total estimated giving.
This subsector began to be tracked separately in 1987.
Because gifts of land and conservation easements made to land
trusts and conservation organizations are included, this year's
decline may in part be attributable to falling real estate values.
Organizations focused on environmental preservation and
conservation, wilderness and community open space, animal
care, conservation and protection (including zoos and
aquariums), and pollution abatement and control.
Giving by type of recipient as a percentage of total giving
Five-year spans; does not include “unallocated”
Data began in 1978 for foundations and in 1987 for environment/animals and international affairs.
Giving by type of recipient as a percentage of total giving
Five-year spans; does not include “unallocated”
Giving to foundations began to be tracked in 1978. Environment/
animals and international affairs began to be tracked in 1987.
Giving to religion has been decreasing as a share of the total
since the 1986–1990 period. For 2006–2010, it was 35.8 percent
of the total. Religion experienced the greatest dip, down from
37.2 percent in the prior five years.
The fastest growth area in the past five years has been
foundations (at 11.5 percent of the 2006–2010 total, up from
9.7 percent in the prior five years). Education, public-society
benefit, and international affairs are each up less than one
percent over their totals for the prior five-year period.
Giving by type of recipient
Five-year spans, adjusted for inflation
Data in Giving USA book.
Giving by type of recipient
Five-year spans, adjusted for inflation
After adjusting for inflation, giving to every type of charity
except two in the 2006–2010 time-span exceeded the amount
in the prior five years. The exceptions are to giving to human
services and to health, which dropped very slightly.
Giving to human services fell to an estimated $140.4 billion
in the five years from 2006 through 2010, after totaling
$141.4 billion in the prior five-year span.
Giving to health fell to an estimated $115.8 billion
in the five years from 2006 through 2010, after totaling
$116.6 billion in the prior five-year span.
Number of volunteers in millions of
people, 2003–2009
Number of volunteers in millions of
people, 2003–2009
The Corporation for National and Community Service estimated
that 63 million adults volunteered in 2009. This is the largest
increase since 2003 and a tremendous resource for nonprofit
organizations.
Giving USA does not track the value of volunteer labor, but one
approximation can be developed using national data about the
number of hours volunteered, as well as the rate per volunteer
hour developed by INDEPENDENT SECTOR.
The estimate is approximately 8.1 billion hours times $20.85
per volunteer hour, for a total value to nonprofit organizations
of at least $169 billion in 2009. The most recent data available
are for 2009, as of mid-2010.
Volunteer rate, 2003–2009
Volunteer rate, 2003–2009
The number of volunteers has increased in recent years as the
population above age 18 has increased in number. The rate of
people volunteering as a percentage of all adults increased
slightly in 2009 (the most recent data available).
Media and organization-level reports about 2010 volunteering
suggest that many of the millions of people whose work hours
were reduced or who lost their jobs during the recession are
continuing to volunteer as they seek increased employment.
The number of 501(c)(3) organizations
2001–2010
The number of 501(c)(3) organizations
2001–2010
The number of organizations continues to increase. However,
not all organizations register with the IRS. Some register only
at the state level; many grassroots organizations do not
register at all.
Tax-exempt nonprofit organizations are required to register
with the IRS (Form 1023) within 90 days of the end of the
first calendar year in which they have total revenue of $5,000
or more.
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Giving USA 2011
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