John Quincy Adams=
Secretary of State under Pres. Monroe
is an advocate of Nationalism
Negotiates Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817
• Established the demilitarized boundary w/
Canada
Negotiated Convention of 1818
• Established the US Border at the 49th parallel
Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819
• 1818 Jackson invades Spanish Florida & Adams
forces Spain to concede Florida.
http://spider.georgetowncollege.edu/HTALLANT/courses/his325/1818-19.gif
CPUSH Unit 7 PP 1
Missouri Compromise (1820)
SLAVERY, SECTIONALISM,
BALANCE?
•
•
•
•
Debate over Missouri’s admission as a state
threatens the balance of power.
Missouri is the first state from the LA Territory
Tallmadge amendment proposes to prohibit
slavery in the territory. As a result, the South
fears federal intervention over slavery in the
South itself
Seen by South as a “tipping point” – falling
behind more and more in population
Missouri Compromise is forged by Henry Clay
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/lincolns/politics/es_shift.html#
Missouri Compromise of 1820
• A little horse-trading:
Maine will be admitted as a free state
Missouri will be admitted as a slave state
• This keeps the balance of slave:free at 12:12.
• Southern Boundary of Missouri set as the
northernmost boundary of slavery
• True compromise: nobody very happy with result!
• Despite conflict over slavery, nationalism prevails,
for now.
Ch. 9, Sect. 2
HW: Ch. 9, Sect. 3
Images of Columbia
Manifest Destiny
“Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent
allotted by Providence for the free development of
our yearly multiplying millions.”
-John L. O’Sullivan,1845
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Americans believe it is their destiny to expand the US
borders to the Pacific.
John Gast’s “American Progress,” 1872
WHAT WERE THE REASONS
FOR WESTWARD MIGRATION?
MANIFEST DESTINY
WHAT WERE THE REASONS
FOR WESTWARD MIGRATION?
MANIFEST DESTINY
To claim land
Open new markets for manufactured goods
Living space
Trade with China
Fresh start/spread democracy
http://www.co.kane.il.us/History/section03.htm
Settlers and Native
Americans
1832: Black Hawk War
Chief Black Hawk leads Sauk and Fox nations as they fight
US expansion in Illinois. Sauk and Fox forced west of the
Mississippi. Gen. Winfield Scott leads US forces.
_________________________________________________
1851: Fort Laramie Treaty
Cheyenne Arapaho, Sioux, and Crow agree to allow settlers to
move through the Great Plains.
US to pay the Nations and to respect their boundaries.
Frequently violated by US.
http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/fimage/lincolnimages/blackhawkwar.jpg
1851 Fort Laramie Treaty.
Under the terms of agreement, the United States would supply the several tribes with $50,000 for 50 years, designate
territorial boundaries of each tribe, provide punishment for depredations, and gave authority for the government to lay roads
and build military forts in Indian country and other provisions. When the treaty was returned to Washington, the U.S. Senate
refused to give its approval to the long term financial arrangements, and amended the treaty by limiting the appropriation to
ten years. The Indians were not a part of this amendment and believed the original treaty was still in force
http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/resources/archives/three/63_09.htm
Map drawn by Father Pierre de Smet to help clarify the division of lands negotiated in the Fort
Laramie Treaty of 1851. DeSmet came to the treaty talks with the Assiniboin, Arikara, Hidatsa and
Crow of the upper Missouri River. (Library of Congress)
TRAILS WEST
Santa Fe Trail –Trade route from Independence,
Missouri to Sante Fe , a distance of over 780
miles. Used primarily from 1821 to 1848.
Oregon Trail – Started in 1836 by Missionaries
Marcus and Narcissa Whitman. Followed
some of Lewis and Clark’s journey, traveling
from Independence, Missouri to Portland,
Oregon, a journey of over 2000 miles.
The Cimarron cutoff shorted the travel time and distance of the old trail. It also
was more dangerous than the mountain route. It crossed the dry Plains south of the
Arkansas river in Ks and the panhandle of Oklahoma. Water was very scarce and
this was Kiowa and Comanche land.
Oregon Trail
“Prairie Schooners”
Joseph Smith and the Mormons
• All American religion, created in US
• Mormons move from
Ohio to Missouri & Illinois.
• Communitarian sect not popular
• Mormon militia arouses fear
• Polygamy unpopular
• 1844 Mormons flee Illinois after mobs murder Smith
• Brigham Young leads Mormons west to Utah, 1846-1847,
est. frontier cooperative theocracy
• Conflict with federal govt. over polygamy, threatens
fighting, over polygamy delays statehood to 1896
JOSEPH SMITH
“Affected by the great religious excitement taking
place around his home in Manchester, New York, in
1820, fourteen-year-old Joseph was determined to know
which of the many religions he should join. …Early one
morning in the spring of 1820, Joseph went to a
secluded woods …, while praying Joseph was visited by
two "personages" who identified themselves as God the
Father and Jesus Christ. He was told not to join any of
the churches.
In 1823, Joseph Smith said he was visited by an
angel named Moroni, who told him of an ancient record
containing God's dealings with the former inhabitants of
the American continent. In 1827, Joseph retrieved this
record, inscribed on thin golden plates, and shortly
afterward began translating its words by the "gift of
God."3 The resulting manuscript, the Book of Mormon,
was published in March 1830.
Joseph was
persecuted much of his adult life and was killed along
with his brother Hyrum by a mob in Carthage, Illinois,
on June 27, 1844.”
http://www.pbs.org/americanprophet/joseph-smith.html
Brigham Young
“When Joseph Smith was murdered by an
anti-Mormon mob in 1844, Brigham Young was
on the East Coast gathering converts and raising money for the
construction of an enormous temple in Nauvoo. On his return,
Young played a critical role in keeping the savagely
persecuted church together by organizing the exodus that
would take the Mormons westward, first to Winter Quarters,
Nebraska, in 1846, and finally on to Utah's Salt Lake Valley,
where Young and an advance party arrived on July 24, 1847.
Here Young hoped the Mormons would at last find the
freedom to worship and live as their faith decreed. Late in
1847 his leadership was confirmed when he was named
president and prophet of the church, inheriting the authority of
Joseph Smith.”
http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/young.htm
http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/mopi/images/fig32.jpg
http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/mopi/images/fig18.jpg
http://www.thefurtrapper.com/mormon_trail.htm
COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE
SANTE FE, THE OREGON TRAIL, AND
THE MORMON TRAIL
Map: The Election of 1844
The Election of 1844
The election of 1844 demonstrated one incontestable fact: the annexation of Texas had more national support than Clay had
realized. The surging popular sentiment for expansion that made the underdog Polk rather than Clay the man of the hour
reflected a growing conviction among the people that America's natural destiny was to expand into Texas and all the way to
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
the Pacific Ocean.
Maine: War with Canada?
Canadian Bacon?
• 1837: US Steamer Caroline attacked while
ferrying supplies to insurrectionists in Canada, is
destroyed.
• War threatens b/w US and GB over land route to
Quebec cutting through Northern Maine and
lumber rights
• Lord Ashburton and Secretary Webster renegotiate
Maine’s boundaries, swapping land.
• 1842: War is averted.
– Sig? Willing to negotiate here in 1842
– Contrast with….
MAINE
BOUNDARY
SETTLEMENT
1842
Blue line=current border
Yellow line=British claim
Red line=US claim
http://www.upperstjohn.com/
history/northeastborder.htm
President Polk the Purposeful
Polk narrowly defeats Clay in 1844.
Polk is an Expansionist Democrat and a
good friend of Andrew Jackson.
POLK’S FOUR GOALS:
1. Lower tariff
2. Settle dispute over Oregon
3. Purchase California and N. Mexico
4. Annex Texas
Map: Oregon Boundary Dispute
Oregon Boundary Dispute
Although demanding that Britain cede the entire Oregon Territory south
of 54°40', the United States settled for a compromise at the forty-ninth
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company.
parallel. SLOGAN: “Fifty four forty or fight!”
Map: American Expansion in Oregon
American Expansion in Oregon
The slogan of Polk's supporters had been "Fifty-four forty or fight," but negotiation of a boundary at the 49th parallel
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
avoided the danger of war with Great Britain.
A. Brigham Young
D. Joseph Smith
G. Merchants
J. Small farmers
B. Oregon
E. Idaho
H. James Polk
K. John Smith
C. Maine
F. Henry Clay
I. Missionaries
L. Texas
1. He was murdered by an anti-Mormon mob in
Carthage, Illinois.
2. The slogan “Fifty-four forty or fight” refers to a
dispute with Britain over the border in _______.
3. Ran unsuccessfully for President in 1844.
4. The Webster-Ashburton treaty resolved disputes
over territory in _______.
5. The Oregon Trail was started by the Whitmans,
who were going West to be _____.
A. Brigham Young
D. Joseph Smith
G. Isaac Singer
J. John Deere
1.
2.
3.
4.
B. Oregon C. Maine
E. Idaho
F. Henry Clay
H. James Polk I. Robert Fulton
K. Cyrus McCormick
He led the Mormons west to Salt Lake.
Inventor of the mechanical reaper.
He took the first steamboat up the Mississippi.
The slogan “Fifty-four forty or fight” refers to a
dispute with Britain over the border in _______.
5. Elected President in 1844.
A. Brigham Young
D. Joseph Smith
G. Isaac Singer
J. John Deere
1.
2.
3.
4.
B. Oregon C. Mexico
E. Idaho
F. Maine
H. Britain I. Robert Fulton
K. Cyrus McCormick
Founder of the Mormons.
Inventor of the sewing machine.
Inventor of the steel plow.
The slogan “Fifty-four forty or fight” refers to a
dispute with ________ over the border in Oregon.
5. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty resolved a dispute
with Britain over the border in __________.
A. Brigham Young
B. Oregon C. Mexico
D. Joseph Smith
E. Idaho
F. Maine
G. Samuel Beckworth H. Washington
I. Britain J. Martin Van Buren K. James Polk L. Spain
1.
2.
3.
4.
Founder of the Mormons.
Leader who took the Mormons west to Utah.
Successor to John Tyler as President.
The slogan “Fifty-four forty or fight” refers to a
dispute with ________ over the border in Oregon.
5. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty resolved a dispute
with Britain over the border in __________.