Review for Final Exam
World War I through 2001
Domain 4:
Establishment as a World Power
World War I (US view)
• President Wilson- declares US
neutrality, but the Lusitania is sunk in
1915 by Germany
• Unrestricted Submarine Warfareused by the Germans to sink all ships
near Europe, the U.S. complains
• Zimmerman telegram- letter
Germany sends to Mexico asking
them to attack the U.S. and they
would help fight us, President Wilson
declares war
Domestic Impact of WW I
• Selective Service Act (draft)– Random selection
process so that all groups would be called into
service
• Women at work – 1st time ever
• Daylight Savings Time- designed to save fuel
• Migration of workers – Mexicans and AfricanAmericans took advantage of the open jobs in the
north
Great Migration
Great Migration
• From 1910-1930, African-Americans migrate from
the South to the North
• Reasons1. Escape Jim Crow Laws in the South
2. Jobs in factories in Northern cities during WWI
3. Anger over not being treated equal after fighting
for America in WWI
Espionage and Sedition Act
• Espionage and Sedition
Act – 20 year prison
sentence for inciting
rebellion in the armed
forces or obstructing
the draft.
• Sedition centered on
anyone making disloyal
or abusive remarks
about the U.S.
Eugene Debs
• Former leader of the AFL,
now Socialist Party
Presidential Candidate
• Jailed in Atlanta for
violating the Espionage
and Sedition Act,
speaking out against
recruiting
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• Key ideas the President felt
were needed to avoid another
World War
• League of Nations- suggested as
a peacekeeping organization
• Senate opposition- U.S. Senators
reject the Treaty of Versailles in
favor of isolationism, many
believe the League would draw
them into another European
war
Prohibition
• 18th Amendmentbanned the sale of
alcohol in the United
States
• Passed during the
Progressive Era
Women’s Suffrage
• 19th AmendmentGave women the right
to vote.
• Passed because
women helped get the
U.S. prepared during
World War I
Communism
• Political belief in a oneparty government ruled
by a dictator
• There is no private
ownership, all property
is owned by the state
• People in the United
States were afraid of this
idea after World War I
Red Scare
• The fear of
international
communism, it was
called the Red Scare
because red was the
color of the
communist flag
Immigrant Restriction
• The Quota System- This emerges as a reaction to
the Red Scare
– sharply reduces European immigration
– 1924, European arrivals cut to 2% of number of residents in 1890
– Discriminates against southern, eastern Europeans
– Prohibits Japanese immigration; causes ill will between U.S.,
Japan
– Does not apply to Western Hemisphere; many Canadians,
Mexicans enter
Henry Ford
Impact of the Automobile
• Henry Ford- The “Father of Mass Production”
• Assembly Line- Parts flow down a conveyer belt, each
part a small section of a greater machine
• Division of Labor- Each person on an assembly line
does one job repeatedly until a machine is put
together.
• Mass Production- Assembly Line allows for high
production of goods at a cheap cost.
• Model T- millions are made and sold in America
cheaply by Ford
Impact of Radio and Movies
• Mass Media- the use of
radio and movies
created movie stars in
the United States and
made sport’s figures
celebrities
Harlem Renaissance
• Harlem, New York – a wave of
creativity celebrating African
culture spreads across the
country
• Langston Hughes – Notable
author, poet, and play writer,
Theme for English B
• Jazz Age – a form of music from
New Orleans
Key Jazz Artists – Duke Ellington,
Louis Armstrong
Irving Berlin and Tin Pan Alley
• Irving Berlin- Russian
born, American musical
composer
• Berlin wrote over 1,000
songs most famous are
“God Bless America”,
“White Christmas”
• Tin Pan Alley- located in
New York City, it was
Causes of the Great Depression
• Distribution of wealthWages had not risen with
corporate profits. Over
70% of Americans were
living below the poverty
line.
• Stock Market
Speculation- was seen as
a get rich quick scheme.
Millions of Americans
poured in money
expecting to get rich.
Causes of the Great Depression
• “Playing the market”People began guessing
on stock prices this is
called speculation.
• Buying on Marginallowed people to
borrow for the cost of
the stock but only
paying 10% of the
price.
Causes of the Great Depression
• Consumption- the
working class and poor
can’t afford the
products made by
companies
• OverproductionCompanies produced
more than people could
buy, so they cut wages
to make money
Causes Great Depression
• Government controlno regulation of
businesses, led to high
prices and low wages
• Farms- income
declines as people
can’t buy their crops,
farmers lose their
farms
The Great Depression
• Period of economic crisis
lasting from 1929-1939
• Economic crisis that caused
25% unemployment and
worldwide poverty
• Banks Collapse- people
panic and withdraw their
money causing over 20% of
all banks to close wiping
out millions of savings
accounts
President Hoover
• President at the
beginning of the Great
Depression, he believed
it was the responsibility
of the state and local
governments to help
not the federal
government,
The Great Depression’s Effects
• Soup kitchens- offer free
or low-cost food
• Bread lines- people line
up for food from
charities, public
agencies. Americans find
this shameful to stand in
lines and reject them.
The Great Depression’s Effects
• African Americans,
Latinos have higher
unemployment, lower
pay
• Shantytownssettlements consisting
of shacks, arise in cities,
people dig through
garbage, beg for food
and money
Hoovervilles
• Unemployed and
homeless people begin
living in shantytowns
named after President
Hoover
Hoovervilles and Families
• Hoover was blamed primarily for the depression
• People who could not pay their mortgage needed alternative housing
• Villages named “Hoovervilles”
• Family- some break under the strain of the depression
1. Men- commit suicide and go into depression, use to
taking care
of the family most can’t find jobs leave their
families.
2. Women- find jobs sewing, maid service, resented by their husbands.
3. Children- poorly fed, schools close, poor health, teenagers leave home
looking for jobs.
Psychological Effects of the Great
Depression
• 1928–1932, suicide rate rises over 30%
• Admissions to state mental hospitals triple
• People give up health care, college, put off
marriage, children
• Stigma of poverty doesn’t disappear; financial
security becomes goal
• Many show great kindness to strangers
• Develop habit of saving and thriftiness
Dust Bowl
• Large dust storms hit the plain states scattering soil
and destroying crops; no money for farmers
• Caused by farmers overproduction of crops and a
drought in Middle America
The New Deal
• Program for reviving the
economy during the Great
Depression
• Begun by President Franklin
D. Roosevelt
• Made up of the three r’s –
relief, recovery, reform
Tennessee Valley Authority
• Created by Roosevelt as
one of the major public
works projects of the New
Deal
• Built a system of dams for
hydroelectricity in the
south
• Created hundreds of jobs
Second New Deal
• These were the
programs FDR started
after the programs
from the original New
Deal failed to end the
Great Depression
The Wagner Act
• The law established
collective bargaining
rights for workers
• Prevented companies
from banning unions
or firing union
members
Social Security Act
• One of the most important laws to pass has three
parts
1. Retirement for people 65 an older
2. Unemployment insurance
3. Aid paid to families with disabilities and
children
Eleanor Roosevelt
• Most active first lady in
history – wrote
newspaper columns, gave
speeches, traveled the
country
• Served as FDR’s social
conscience
• She led the fight in
America for Women’s,
African-American and
Huey Long
• Huey Long- A senator and
former governor of
Louisiana he was
immensely popular in his
home state and America
• He wants to help the
poor by taxing the
wealthy to provide new
programs to help the
poor get out of poverty
• He challenges FDR for the
Court Packing Bill
• Supreme Court- strikes down several
New Deal laws as unconstitutional
• “Court-packing bill”- Roosevelt
proposes that the president be
allowed to appoint a new justice for
each member over 70.5.
• Reaction- Congress and the Press are
outraged at Roosevelt for trying to
tamper with the system of checks and
balances. Roosevelt backs off his idea
Neutrality Acts
• By 1938 the American
government is
controlled by
Isolationists who pass
the Neutrality Acts:
1. Prohibits the sale of
weapons and travel by
Americans to countries
at war
2. Forbids the extension
of trade or loans to
A. Phillip Randolph
• Civil Rights leader of the
30’s and 40’s
• Threatened a march on
D.C. before WWII,
forcing FDR to ban
segregation in
government jobs and
the defense industry
• Forces President
Pearl Harbor
• U.S. naval base in
Hawaii
• Attacked by Japan
unexpectedly on
December 7, 1941
• United States declares
war on Japan and
enters World War II
Japanese-American Internment Camps
• After Pearl Harbor, the
United States racists
fears led the country to
put 120,000 Japanese
Americans in
concentration camps
Lend-Lease Act
• Passed after Pearl Harbor,
the U.S. sends military
equipment and supplies
to its Allies during World
War II
• Britain, France, Soviet
Union and China all
receive aid
War Mobilization
• Millions of men
volunteered after Pear
Harbor to fight World War
II
• Factories- were converted
from consumer goods to
military goods
Rationing for WWII
• Rationing- everything
went to the war, so
Americans were only
allowed a small portion
of key items that were
needed for the war
• Americans donate
metals, newspapers,
rubber, clothes, paper
to the war effort.
Women Work for the War
• Factories-millions take
the place of men and
build the machines of
war.
• Equality- first time
women are seen as
equal to their male
counterparts. Will
eventually lead to
greater rights for
D-Day
• D-Day- codename for
Operation Overlord, Allied
troops landed in
Normandy, France
• The largest sea invasion in
history, German troops
were caught off guard an
unable to push back the
invasion
Battle of Midway
• Battle of Midway- Led
by Admiral Nimitz, the
U.S. sinks four Japanese
Aircraft carriers to the
American one.
• Turning Point in the war
against the Japanese
who never fully
recovered from the loss
of the aircraft carriers
and aviators from this
battle.
Fall of Berlin
• One of the final battles
in the European
Theater of WWII
• The Soviet Union
storms the city;
bloodiest battles of the
war
• Hitler and most of his
key leaders commit
Manhattan Project
• Los Alamos, New
Mexico- This is where
the United States
developed the Atomic
Bomb
• President Trumanorders the dropping of
it on the Japanese cities
of Hiroshima and
Impact of the Atomic Bomb
• The Atomic Bomb was a
game changer and for
the first time humans
could destroy the Earth
• Made the U.S.A. a
superpower in the
world
• Will lead to Nuclear
energy and the Nuclear
Post WWII and the Cold War
• Marshall Plan- was
America’s program for
rebuilding Western
Europe to protect it
from communism.
• It was the United
States best weapon
against the influence of
the Soviet Union
Cold War
• This was a name given to the relations between the
U.S. & the Soviet Union in the second half of the
20th century which saw the buildup of nuclear arms.
Cold War and Containment
• Containment- the U.S. was determined to stop
the spread of communism throughout the
world
• Truman Doctrine- American foreign policy to
provide economic and military aid to any
country to prevent it from becoming
Communist China
• Mao Zedong is the leader of
the Communist Revolution in
China after WWII he overthrew
the Nationalist leader Chiang
Kai-shek in 1949.
• Chiang Kai-shek will establish
the country of Taiwan an island
off the coast of China.
• Americans blame Truman for
not stopping the spread of
communism
Korean War
• Korea- In 1950
Communist North Korea
invades South Korea
• The U.S. sends troops in
to help protect S. Korea
and pushed N. Korea
back to the Chinese
border
• Communist China sends
McCarthyism
• Senator McCarthy led
the second Red Scare
in America during the
1950s
• He lied about
communist infiltrations
in the U.S. government
and army, destroying
the lives of innocent
people
Cuban Revolution
• Fidel Castro- led the
successful Cuban
revolution in 1959 to
overthrow the corrupt
government backed by
the U.S.A.
• Castro- established a
communist government
in Cuba, this catches the
U.S. off guard and angers
Baby Boom
• 1945–1965 are the baby boom years; the
birth rate in the United States soars when
soldiers return from World War II and the
Korean War.
Interstate Highway Act
• Eisenhower gets
Congress to pay for a
Federal Highway system,
for Defense.
• The highway connects
people to the suburbs,
cities, schools, and
shopping malls.
• Whites begin to flee to
the suburbs like
Levittown.
Levittown
• The first large scale suburban development in the
United States
• The cookie cutter home development, it is the
Sputnik
• In 1957 the Soviet
Union launched the
first ever satellite into
space
• This frightened
Americans who felt the
U.S. had fallen behind
the Soviet Union
• The U.S. devotes
Jackie Robinson
• The first black to
integrate Major League
Baseball in 1947 with
the Brooklyn Dodgers
• This leads to Truman
desegregating the
Military and relaunches the Civil
Rights Movement after
WWII
Integration of the U.S. Military
• President Trumanorders the integration
of the U.S. military in
1948
• One of the first major
Civil Rights changes of
the 20th century
Brown v. Board of Education
• The Supreme Court ended the practice of
Separate but Equal in 1954
Southern reaction to Brown v.
Board of Education
• Little Rock Nine- were 9
African-Americans who
integrated Little Rock
Central H.S.
• President Eisenhower
had to send in the Air
Force to protect them
from angry whites
Domain 5:
The Modern Era
Election of 1960 Kennedy Wins!!!!!
VS.
Televised Debates
•
Voters fell in love with the physical appearance and charisma possessed by Kennedy. He
was confident and organized.
•
Nixon was pale, sweating and tense.
•
This election proved the power of T.V. in politics
•
Bay of Pigs Invasion
• Kennedy’s biggest mistake, he gives approval to a
plan by the C.I.A. to overthrow Castro using
Cuban exiles.
• The exiles are captured by Castro on the beaches
of Cuba
• Embarrassment- Kennedy is forced to pay a
ransom (food/medicine) to free the exiles.
• Castro- uses this to get more support from the
Soviet Union and strengthen his grip on power.
Cuban Missile Crisis
• Crisis- the closest the world ever came to all out
nuclear war.
• Spy planes discover that Cuba was building
underground missile sites for nuclear weapons that
Cuban Missile Crisis
• Kennedy Reacts- orders
a naval blockade of Cuba
until all weapons are
removed. By the
• The U.S.S.R. is told that
any ship that tries to run
the blockade will start a
full scale war with the
U.S.
• Khrushchev Reacts-
Fallout of the Cuban Missile Crisis
• Hotline- direct line between D.C. and Moscow to
allow for peaceful talks
• Khrushchev- reputation is damaged in the
U.S.S.R.
• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-100 nations agree to stop
open air testing of nuclear weapons
• Criticism- Kennedy seen as soft for not ousting
Castro, brinkmanship policy
Kennedy Assassination
• November 23,1963
President Kennedy is
assassinated in Dallas,
Texas.
• Stunned Americanswere devastated by the
Kennedy assassination,
remember where they
were.
• Civil Rights Agenda- gets
a boost with his death
as Vice President
Vietnam War
• Military conflict
between the
Communist forces of
North Vietnam
supported by China and
the Soviet Union and
the non-Communist
forces of South Vietnam
supported by the
United States.
Tet Offensive
• Vietcong troops take
advantage of a cease
fire between the North
and South and launch a
sneak attack
• U.S. military defeats the
Vietcong but Americans
turn on the war
• President Johnson
Opposition to the Vietnam War
• Begins on college
campuses but spreads to
all walks of life as the war
drags on for years and
deaths mount
• Television shows the
graphic nature of the war,
turning Americans against
it
Opposition to the Vietnam War
• Protesters- calls for civil
disobedience; counsels
students to go abroad,
antiwar demonstrations,
protests increase, some
become violent
• Some men burn draft cards;
some refuse to serve; some
flee to Canada
Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society
• The Great SocietyJohnson’s program to
end poverty and racism
in the U.S.
1. Medicare- medical
insurance program for
those 65 and older.
2. Medicaidgovernment paid
Civil Rights and Television
• For the first time
Southern tactics to
maintain segregation
are shown on T.V.
horrifying white liberals
• The beatings, killings,
and attacks on AfricanAmericans force White
America to confront
segregation and
Letter from Birmingham Jail
• Written by Martin Luther
King Jr. it is his attempt to
explain to White America
why victims of
segregation, violent
attacks, and murder
found it difficult to wait
for injustices to end in the
South
• I Have a Dream- King’s
Civil Rights Act of 1964
• This law signed by
President Johnson
banned discrimination
of any kind in any park,
restroom, library,
theater, and public
building in America
• This was inspired by
King’s “I have a dream”
speech
Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Outlawed the Jim Crow
restrictions on African
Americans right to vote
declaring it
unconstitutional
• Banned the use of
literacy tests, poll taxes,
jelly bean counting
SNCC and SCLC
• SNCC- Student nonviolent Coordinated
Committee was made
up of young people
who were the front line
soldiers of the Civil
Rights Movement
• SCLC- Southern
Christian Leadership
Warren Court 1953-1969
• The Supreme Court
under Justice Warren
will protect the rights of
individuals and
minorities
• Key Cases:
1. Brown vs. Board of Ed
1954-ends separate but
equal
National Organization of Women
• NOW- founded to
promote equal rights
for women of all races
in America
• NOW fights for
political, social, and
economic equality in
America
Environmental Movement
• Silent Spring- written by
Rachel Carson it set off
the Environmental
Movement in America
• It led to the Water
Quality Act of 1965 and
the Earth Day
• Environmental
Protection Agency-
United Farm Workers
• Led by Cesar Chavez he
fights for the rights of
migrant farm workers
• Improved the working
conditions and wages of
migrant workers
• Used non-violent
protests to achieve their
goals
Martin Luther King Jr. Assassinated
• April 4th, 1968- Martin
Luther King Jr. is shot on
a motel balcony in
Memphis, Tenn., by
James Earl Ray.
• Riots break out in
African American
communities revealing
the anger and
frustration still felt in
the North and South.
Robert F. Kennedy Assassinated
• Robert F. Kennedy- is
running for the office of
President.
• June 5, 1968- RFK is
shot by an assassin after
winning the presidential
primary in California.
• Reaction- many counter
culture supporters,
African Americans and
democrats are
Democratic National Convention 1968
• Protesters are marching
out of anger at the
convention
• Chicago police attack and
beat protesters who
were marching to the
convention
• T.V.- Conservative White
America sees this as an
The Conservative Movement
• Barry Goldwater(1964)
runs for President, this is
the beginning of the
conservative movement
• President Richard Nixon
(1968)wins office, elected
by the “silent majority”
who want America
restored to the good old
days
Conservative Movement
• The "Solid South" angry with
Democratic party support of Civil
Rights for African-Americans and
Women
• Opposition to "Liberal" Supreme
Court's Judicial Activism
• Beliefs- they opposed civil rights, gun
control, liberals, Feminism, Affirmative
Action, Sexual Revolution, Hippies, Gay
Rights, Great Society, big government,
Social Security, and Tennessee Valley
Authority (TVA).
Nixon Presidency
• Visits China to open up relations,
only a staunch anti-communist could
repair relations, recognizes
Communist China
• Watergate Scandal:
– Centered on Nixon’s attempt to
cover up a burglary at the offices
of the Democratic Party
– Crime committed by Nixon’s
reelection team
– Nixon forced to resign due to his
attempts to cover up the break-ins
Americans turn on the government
• Americans no longer
trust the government
after the disastrous
Vietnam War and
Nixon Presidency
• American become very
cynical about their
political leaders
• Americans want
President Gerald Ford
• He becomes president
after Nixon resigns
• Ford grants Nixon a
Presidential pardon on
Watergate; people are
angry
• Ford is president during
a recession and can’t
deal with the high
Key Supreme Court Decisions
• Roe v. Wade 1973- this
case legalized abortion
in the United States
• Bakke v. California
1978- A white male sues
the University of
California for reverse
discrimination.
• The Supreme Court
Camp David Accords
• Negotiated by
President Carter it is a
peace settlement
between Egypt and
Israel.
• First step in the peace
process between Israel
and Arab nations
• Egypt recognizes Israel,
Iranian Revolt 1979
• 1979 Ayatollah
Khomeini overthrew
the U.S. backed Shah of
Iran and established a
Islamic fundamentalist
government
• President Carter was
unable to deal with the
situation, which led to
another oil shortage
Iran Hostage Crisis
• 50 members of the U.S.
Embassy in Iran are held
hostage when Iranian
students overwhelm the
guards.
• For 444 days President
Carter can not get the
hostages freed.
President Ronald Reagan
• His election is seen as a
victory for the
Conservative Movement
• During his presidency
he will appoint
conservative judges to
overturn the decisions
of the Warren Court
Reaganomics
• An economic policy
followed by President
Reagan it wanted to:
1. Give the wealthy huge
tax cuts, the wealthy
are then suppose to help
the poor by starting
businesses and creating
jobs
2. Budget Cuts, reduced
Iran-Contra Scandal
• The Reagan
administration agreed to
sell billions in weapons to
Iran for help in freeing
American hostages in the
Middle East.
• President Reagan was
dealing in illegal weapon
sales beyond his powers,
upsets the system of
checks and balances in
Collapse of the Soviet Union
• Reagan’s plan was to
force the U.S.S.R. to
keep up in an arm’s
race, this bankrupts the
Soviet Union
• The leader of the Soviet
Union Gorbachev
establishes better
relations with the U.S.
• The collapse of the
President Clinton
• North American Free
Trade Agreement
(NAFTA)- this created a
free trade zone between
the U.S., Canada and
Mexico
• Impeached in 1998 by
the Republican House of
Representatives, Clinton
becomes the second
2000 Presidential Election
• Highly controversial
election in which Vice
President Gore wins the
popular vote but loses
the electoral vote to
President Bush
• Supreme Court- selects
Bush as President when
it refuses to allow Gore
to continue arguing the
War on Terrorism
• September 11, 2001America is attacked
beginning the “war”
• Operation Enduring
Freedom: invasion of
Afghanistan in 2001
• Operation Iraqi
Freedom: War in Iraq in
2003