By Bryan Burton,
Conner Weaver,
and Kaleb Spencer.
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Through this journey, we will be visiting the
beginning of the Jovian section of the Solar
System. This section starts at the Asteroid
Belt. Jupiter and Saturn are the first on this
trip. We will be explaining many aspects of
each, such as their importance to the Solar
System, their composition, and even their
extent of the ability to support life.
The planet Jupiter, or Jove, is named after the
Roman King of Gods, Jove. This is also the
reason that the outer planets past the
Asteroid Belt are called the Jovian Planets.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s56
pxa9lpvo
The planet Saturn is named after the God of
Agriculture and Harvest. He is the son of
Terra and the father of Jupiter.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MS
9D9CzwPQU
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http://www.solarsystemscope.com/
Jupiter orbits very slowly around the
Sun. A complete orbit would take
11.86 Earth Years to complete.
Saturn orbits even slower. It would
take nearly 30 Earth Years for a
complete orbit around the sun.
Despite this slow orbit, it is the
fastest rotating body in our Solar
System, making a full rotation
every 9 hours, 50 minutes, and 30
seconds.
As for its rotation, Saturn is nearly
immeasurable, due to variations
caused by its moons’ geyser
activity interrupting radio
emissions. The last recorded
speed from the Cassini, Voyager
and Pioneer in March 2007 was a
rotation time of 10 Hours, 32
Minutes, and 35 seconds.
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Jupiter is the biggest planetary body in our Solar System.
This has been speculated to have been caused by
Condensation of many comets and asteroids before it was
today. It was just out of the affect of most of the sons
stronger gravity, leaving it to gain much more mass for itself,
and most likely attracted even more building material due to
it’s gravity after being built upon. It now has a mass of
1.8986×1027 kg , about 317.8 Earths. It is about 70% of the
total mass of all the other planets in our Solar System.
Saturn is the second largest planetary body in
our Solar System. It’s expected to have
gained its size through the same method as
Jupiter, gaining just enough resistance to
avoid being pulled into Jupiter itself. Saturn
has a mass of 5.6846×1026 kg, or 95.152
Earths.
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The atmosphere of Jupiter consists of about 84 percent Hydrogen and about 15 percent
helium, with small amounts of acetylene, ammonia, ethane, methane, phosphine, and
water vapor. This is so thick that the surface of Jupiter is non-visible from our side of
the atmosphere.
Since most of the gas on Jupiter’s surface is methane, it would be exremely difficult to
breathe without plenty of oxygen.
Its atmospheric pressure is about 20–200 kPa (Pascals), (with Earth’s being about 103),
about twice as much pressure as Earth’s. Your bones would be crushed moments before
even landing on the surface.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jupit
er_Belt_System.svg
Jupiter’s gravitational force is extremely strong, due
to its 1.326 g/cm3 density. (Second highest
density of the Gas Giants, but lower than the
terrestrials.) If you were to step foot on Jupiter
without being crushed, if you weigh about 100 lbs,
you would way about 264 lbs. Might want to take a
salad with you to keep up your self-esteem.
The outer atmosphere of Saturn contains 96.3% molecular
hydrogen and 3.25% helium. We don’t know how many
elements are present that are heavier than helium, but the
total mass of these heavier elements is estimated to be 19–
31 times the mass of the Earth, with most of it being located
in Saturn's core. It’s atmospheric pressure would have about
the same effect on you as Jupiter’s.
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Saturn has a density of 0.687 grams/cubic
centimeter, 1/8 of Earth’s and less than
Water’s density. It would float in a pool, if
you could find one about the size of his
son.
It’s volume, however, makes it far more
massive than Earth. A 100lb person would
weigh 116lbs on Saturn, provided you can
still feel your limbs before frostbite.
Jupiter’s temperature is about 22 times Earth’s
normal standards, at a temperature of 153 °C.
(307.4 degrees Fahrenheit). As you move towards
its core, it reaches a temperature of about 64,300
degrees Fahrenheit.
Jupiter could have been a star, but needed about 60
times more mass than it has.
Saturn’s temperature is around 190-270K (-288 degrees Fahrenheit) at
its higher layers, and increases as you head towards its solid core,
which would not be a great idea, considering that, by the time you
reach a landable surface, it is too late to turn back as you plummet
into a core made of iron, nickel, rock, and metallic hydrogen with
temperatures reaching 21,092 degrees Fahrenheit.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBd
fyFOEg8U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__K
f5Ddw_CY
http://spacerip.com/saturnsmysterious-moons/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PZvv4cLY
C5g
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNwTO3njTX0
http://apod.nasa.gov/
apod/ap961018.html
Jupiter’s moon Io's
volcanoes release particles,
some of which become ionized,
trapped by Jupiter's magnetic
field, and rain down on the gas
giant.
The resulting auroral
displays may be thousands of
times brighter than any auroral
display on Earth, and involve
unusual spots.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74
Cybar76vg
Shoemaker-Levy 9, a comet, made it’s way towards Jupiter as several
pieces of one comet that was broken up during its orbit near Jupiter.
This brought to light the likely possibility that Jupiter has been
“sweeping” up the universe of the potentially lethal (To Earth) Debris.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6A
It36-whc
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Jupiter’s gravity has been used to launch
spacecraft farther into the Jovians and on its
way to Pluto.
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/nasa
/653-new-jupiter-fly-by-video.htm
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In 1973 and 74, Pioneer 10 and 11 were the first two spacecraft to make fly-by
observations of Jupiter. These two helped engineers understand what traits a spacecraft
needed to orbit and cope with Jupiter.
In 1979, the Voyager probes discovered Jupiter's ring, observed intricate vortices in its
atmosphere, observed active volcanoes on Io, a process analogous to plate tectonics on
Ganymede, and numerous craters on Callisto.
On February 8, 1992, the Ulysses solar probe flew past Jupiter's north pole at a distance
of 451,000 km. This swing-by maneuver was required for Ulysses to attain a very highinclination orbit around the Sun, increasing its inclination to the ecliptic to 80.2 degrees.
The giant planet's gravity bent the spacecraft's flight path downward and away from the
ecliptic plane, placing it into a final orbit around the Sun's north and south poles.
In 2000, the Cassini probe flew by Jupiter on its way to Saturn and made the highest
resolution pictures of Jupiter yet, which gave scientists access to details needed for
scientific calculations about the planet. This probe discovered the belt/zone system on
Jupiter.
The New Horizons probe made a gravity assist fly-by on Jupiter while heading towards
Pluto. It collected data of Jupiter, but much of it was lost when it experienced a data
error and rebooted, losing significant amounts of data.
Galileo, the only space probe to orbit Jupiter, began its orbit in 1995. It orbited for 7
years, 35 orbits, and was sent into Jupiter to crash. This is also the probe that witnessed
Levy-Shoemaker 9 impacting on Jupiter, as wells as gathered large amounts of data of
the Galilean moons.
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Saturn generates 2.5 times the energy it
receives from the sun. Most of the energy is
made through the Kelvin-Helmholtz
mechanism of gravity compression, but may
include another system of “rain” of helium
emitting form its core, releasing heat as the
droplets cause friction and leave the outer
layers completely depleted.
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Contrary to typical Magnetosphere
conditions, Saturn has a rock solid core with
ice, yet still produces a Magnetic Field. This
is made psosible by the layer of circulating
liquid metallic hydrogen. The outer layers,
however, are created by plasma that mostly
originates from the moon Enceladus, which
generates 1000 kg/s of water vapor that corotates with the field.
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In the 17th-19th centuries, Saturn was observed to have rings around it. Galileo
saw these as 2 moons, but it was later discovered by Christian Huygens.
Giovanni Cassini found four other moons later on. Slowly, moons were
discovered farther and farther from Saturn, and even satellites around the
rings.
Pioneer 11 made the first fly-by of Saturn in 1979, Images were taken of the
planet and a few of its moons, although their resolution was too low to discern
surface detail. The spacecraft also studied Saturn's rings, revealing the thin Fring and the fact that dark gaps in the rings are bright when viewed at
high phase angle (towards the sun), meaning that they contain fine lightscattering material. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_11
In 1980, Voyager 1 sent back the first high-resolution images, revealing
surface details. No details were seen on Titan’s surface, since its atmosphere
is impenetrable by wavelengths. A year later, Voyager 2 managed to get more
images while approaching, but the camera platform got stuck, ruining the
planned image collection. It used Saturn’s gravity to make its way towards
Uranus. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1
In 2004, the Cassini–Huygens space probe performed the SOI (Saturn Orbit
Insertion) maneuver and entered into orbit around Saturn. In June 2004, it had
conducted a close flyby of Phoebe, a satellite that orbits around Saturn over a
period of one year with a retrograde motion, sending back high-resolution
images and data. Over the years, Cassini found 8 satellites, radar images of
large lakes and their coastlines with numerous islands and mountains on Titan,
and even obtaining data from the moon Enceladus, making it the “most
habitable spot beyond Earth in the Solar System for life as we know it.” This
probe is now on a mission lasting until 2017, tracking the seasons of Saturn.