The Scientific Method
You can use the scientific
method anytime, anyplace, any
subject!!!
Big Bang Theory:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7sSuhQ1_24
Scientific Method
• What is it?
Observation/Question/Problem
Hypothesis
Decide which from the group is the
best hypothesis and tell why.
1a. Plants will grow taller when given Miracle Grow.
1b. Plants will grow better when given Miracle Grow.
2a. Girls are smarter than boys.
2b. Girls will score higher on math tests than boys.
3a. Hermit crabs choose colorful shells over drab
shells.
3b. Hermit crabs like colorful shells.
Experiment
• Experimental Group -receives some kind of
treatment or condition
• Control Group – normal conditions, used to
compare
Everything about the two groups must bet
the same except the factor you are
testing.
Example of experiment
• Hypothesis: Plants will grow taller when
given Miracle Grow.
• We will have 2 plants: A & B. A will be give
Miracle grow and B will not. What other
factors must we control and keep the
same. Why?
Variables
Collecting/Analyzing Data
Conclusions
If your hypothesis is false are you a bad
scientist?
Determine the independent variable
and dependent variable in each
hypotheses. Then change the
hypothesis into the proper if, then
statement.
• If the (independent variable) is (describe how you changed
it), then the (dependent variable) will (describe the effect).
• EXAMPlE: If the water give to plants is decreased, then the
growth of the plant will decrease.
1. Independent variable.
2. Dependent variable.
3. Correct hypothesis.
1. I think a bigger sponge can absorb more water
than a small one.
2. I think thicker paper is stronger.
3. I think higher temperatures cause bananas to
ripen faster.
4. I believe larger fruit has more juice.
5. I believe larger wheels make carts roll faster.
6. I think higher temperatures increase the rate
that sugar dissolves.
A scientific theory
• A hypothesis that has been tested many times
and is confirmed to be true.
Graphing Skills
How to set up successful graphs
in Science Class!
Line Graphs
• Used to show data that is continuous
• Points are plotted using x- and y-axis
• Points are connected
• Shows relationship
between IV and DV
• Many times, the IV
plotted on the X-axis
is time.
Bar Graphs
• Data is NOT continuous.
• Bars typically don’t touch.
• Allows us to compare
descriptive data like
amounts of percentages
or categories
• There is no order to the
categories on the X-axis.
Pie Graphs
• Data is NOT continuous
• Usually presents data as a “part of a whole“ or
as percentages
• Categories add up to 100%
Which type of graph?
#
Description
Ex.
Amount of each color of M&M’s in a bag
1
Heating a pan of water over a time
period
Shows number of students earning A’s,
B’s, C’s
2
3
Measuring the percentage of each gas in
the air.
4
Shows the percentage of allowance
spending on different thing
5
Shows height change over 15 year
period
Line
Bar Pie
X
Which type of graph?
#
Description
Ex.
Amount of each color of M&M’s in a bag
1
Heating a pan of water over a time
period
Shows number of students earning A’s,
B’s, C’s
2
Line
Bar Pie
X
X
X
3
Measuring the percentage of each gas in
the air.
X
4
Shows the percentage of allowance
spending on different thing
X
5
Shows height change over 15 year
period
X
When making a graph don’t forget:
How to determine scale
Favorite
Singer
Toby
Keith
Number
of
Teachers
22
•In this case your scale would be from 2-22
•Next subtract and divide by how many
intervals (spaces you have on graph)
•The best interval would be to go by 5’s
Madonna
15
25
Elvis
11
20
Sting
Sinatra
5
2
15
10
5
Add your labels and data
Teachers Favorite Singer
25
-Label BOTH axis
20
-Put in your data
# of Teachers
-Add your Title
15
10
5
Sinatra
Sting
Elvis
Madonna
Toby Keith
Singers
Create a Line Graph
Distance
(m)
Time (s)
10.3
1.5
20.2
2.9
29.8
4.3
40.4
5.8
49.1
7.0
60.9
8.7
70.2
10.0
80.1
11.4
90.6
12.9
Create a Line Graph
Distance over time
Distance (m)
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (s)
Distance
(m)
10.3
Time (s)
20.2
2.9
29.8
4.3
40.4
5.8
49.1
7.0
60.9
8.7
70.2
10.0
80.1
11.4
90.6
12.9
1.5
Biology is the study of living things.
So……….. What makes something
living?
Is it Living?
1. Make observations of the item at the lab
station.
2. Decide with your lab group if the sample was
ever living or was never living.
3. On your paper record if it was living or not
and give 2 characteristic it has that makes it
living, or 2 characteristics it does not have and
makes it not living. Repeat this at each lab
station.
Characteristic
s of
Living Things
To be considered living it must have
ALL of these characteristics.
1. Cells/DNA
• All living things are composed of
cells and contain DNA
1. Cells/DNA
• UNICELLULAR
• MULTICELLULAR
2. Metabolism
• ALL ORGANISMS ACQUIRE AND USE
ENERGY
– PLANTS
2. Metabolism
• USE SUN ENERGY ---- PHOTOSYNTHESIS (BUILD)
• AUTOTROPHS (producers)
– ANIMALS
• TAKE ENERGY FROM OTHER LIVING THINGS
(BREAKDOWN)
• HETEROTROPHS (consumers)
3. Reproduction
• ORGANISMS PRODUCE OFFSPRING LIKE
THEMSELVES
• 2 types:
3. Reproduction
– ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
– SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
4. Growth and Development
• ALL LIVING THINGS EITHER GROW OR
DEVELOP, MANY DOING BOTH IN A LIFE
CYCLE
5. Adapt and Change
• ALL LIVING THINGS ADAPT or CHANGE
6. Respond to Environment
• ORGANISMS DETECT AND RESPOND TO
STIMULI FROM THEIR ENVIRONMENT
7. Homeostasis
• ALL LIVING THINGS MAINTAIN A STABLE
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
• EXAMPLE: BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN
HUMANS
– TOO HOT --- SWEATING
– TOO COLD --- SHIVERING
7. Homeostasis
• ALL LIVING THINGS MAINTAIN A STABLE
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
• EXAMPLE: MAINTAINING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
– CONTROLLED BY 2 HORMONES SECRETED BY
PANCREAS
Review Questions
In your composition book, answer these
questions. Title the page: Bell ringer 9/?/2015
1. What are the 7 characteristics of life?
2. Is a virus living or nonliving. Support your
answer!
3. Contrast these words:
 Unicellular/multicellular
 Asexual/sexual
 Autotroph/heterotroph
Essential Standard:
Bio.4.1 Understand how biological
molecules are essential to the
survival of living organisms.
Chemistry Of Life
Elements of Life (elements
are pure substances)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Elements are made of atoms
Draw this carbon atom in your notes.
What is in nucleus?
What is the charge
of a proton?
Neutron?
Electron?
Elements Make up Compounds
• Common compounds found in living
things:
– Water (H2O)
– Glucose (C6H12O6)
– Free Oxygen (O2)
– Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
– Phosphate (PO4)
Water
Draw this water molecule in your notes.
Water
Properties of Water
• Polar  uneven distribution of charge
• Solvent  dissolves most substances
• Cohesive and adhesive  due to hydrogen bonding
pH – determines acidity of a substance
• Acid – pH between 0 and 6.9
• Base –pH between 7.1 and 14
• Water – NEUTRAL pH = 7
• Where is the strongest acid on the scale?
pH
• Buffer  prevents sudden changes in pH.
• Why is it important for you body to have
buffers?
Clarifying Objective: Bio.4.1.1
 Compare the structures and functions of the
major biological molecules (carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) as related to
the survival of living organisms.
 Unpacked: Compare the structure and
function of each of the listed organic
molecules in organisms:
o Carbohydrates (glucose, cellulose, starch,
glycogen)
o Proteins (insulin, enzymes, hemoglobin)
o Lipids (phospholipids, steroids)
o Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA)
Biological Molecules
• Contains carbon &
hydrogen.
• Carbon’s is very stable.
•
• Covalent bond = atoms
share electrons
• These can also be called
organic molecules or
macromolecules
• The four
macromolecules are:
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids
– Nucleic Acids
Types of Bonds in Biology
• Covalent
– Share electrons (H2O)
– Strong bond
• Peptide
– Covalent bond that holds amino acids
together
• Hydrogen
– Weak bond, found in DNA
Vocabulary
ROOTS!
•
•
•
•
•
Mono – one
Di – two
Poly – many
-ase – enzyme
-ose – sugar
Jigsaw
• The 4 organic compounds (aka macromolecules)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
Groups of 4. Each student will pick one organic molecule to learn
about and they will go to that station, read the material, and take
notes on that macromolecule for 8 minutes. (make notes in your
composition book on the left side) Then the groups will come
back together and each student gets 2 minutes to teach there
group about that molecule. Each group member will make notes
about the other 3 molecules on the right side of their composition
book.
Video: Introduction to Biomolecules
The Biomolecule Band
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJ7xOSCEmZw
Make sure to complete your worksheet AFTER the video.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
• Function: short-term energy.
• Composed of C,H,O.
Notice the
ring structure
•
Carbohydrates
• Monomers is the monosaccharides or
simple sugars (glucose)
• Polysaccharide: when simple sugars link together
with covalent bonds (sucrose)
Indicator Tests for Carbohydrates
Iodine – tests for starch. Positive is black
color
Benedict’s Solution – tests for
monosaccharides. Positive is orange color.
Carbohydrates
Example: Glucose
- Simple sugar, monosaccharide
Notice
only
one
ring!
Carbohydrates
Example: Starch , polysaccharide, energy storage in
plants
Notice
this has
many
rings!
Starch granules in plant cells
Carbohydrates
Example: Glycogen – energy storage in animals,
stored in liver
Carbohydrates
Example: Cellulose – found in cell wall of plants,
gives plant structural support
Lipids
C, H, O
Monomer is the fatty acid
Functions:
long – term energy storage in living
organisms (Twice as much as carbs)
• Used for insulation
Component of the cell membrane
• Provide protective coverings, do not dissolve
in water
•
•
•
•
Indicator Test for Lipids
• Brown Paper Bag test. Positive is a
translucent color of bag.
Lipids
Examples:
–Waxes, oils
–Phospholipid: cell membranes
–Steroids: Maintain and control
functions throughout the body.
• ex. Cholesterol & sex hormones
(testosterone and estrogen)
CNN Sugar worse than fat?
Sept. 10th 2014
http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2014
/09/10/why-sugar-is-worse-than-fat/
Proteins
• C, H, O, N
• Monomer is the amino acid
Draw the amino acid in
your notes.
Proteins
• Functions
– Transport
• Hemoglobin carries oxygen in blood
– Catalyze (enzymes)
• Speed up reactions
– Support and Strength
• Collagen in skin and keratin in nails
– Regulate
• Hormones manage body processes (insulin)
Indicator Test for Proteins
• Biuret’s Reagent: Positive turns dark
purple
Proteins
Examples:
–Insulin: regulates blood sugar
levels
Proteins
Examples:
–Antibodies: helps immune system
fight disease
Proteins
Examples:
–Hemoglobin: carries oxygen
Proteins
Examples:
–Enzyme: catalyst to speed up
reactions
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
• C, H, O, N, P
• Monomer is the nucleotide
Draw the nucleotide
in your notes.
Nucleic Acids
• Each type has a specific function
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
– Stores genetic information
– Used to make RNA
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)
– Used to make proteins
Clarifying Objective: Bio.4.1.3
Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological
reactions.
Unpacked:
Develop a cause and effect model for specificity of enzymes
- the folding produces a 3-D shape that is linked to the
protein function, enzymes are proteins that speed up
chemical reactions (catalysts) by lowering the activation
energy, are re-usable and specific, and are affected by such
factors as pH and temperature.
Note: Students should understand that enzymes are
necessary for all biochemical reactions and have a general
understanding of how enzymes work in terms of the
connection between shape and function.
Chemical reactions are constantly
occurring in all cells.
The sum total of all chemical reactions occurring in a
cell is called the cell’s METABOLISM.
One
example:
There are two types of chemical
reactions that occur in cells.
• Exergonic - reactions
that release energy.
• Endergonic - reactions
that require energy to
occur.
• Activation energy is the
energy required to start
a reaction.
Enzyme
• Protein
• Catalyzes reactions by lowering the
activation energy.
• Usually end in –ase
Enzyme
• Function best at specific temperature and
pH
What pH
does
Arginase
work
best?
Enzyme
• Are specific to the substrate. LOCK and
KEY!
Enzyme
• Reusable if not “denatured” (destroyed by
changing shape)
– Can be denatured by change in pH or temp.
Enzyme
When it is denatured,
it can NEVER be used
again!
Energy at the cellular level is obtained
from ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
Notice the
activation
energy with
and
without the
catalyst.
Label the enzyme
reaction in your notes!
Enzyme Reaction
E + S  E-S complex  E + P
Enzyme
Is this an exergonic or endergonic reaction?
Contrast sucrose and fructose.
What is the optimum pH for this enzyme?
What is the optimum temp. for this
enzyme?
Enzymes and … Pac-man?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XUn64HY5bug&feature=youtu.be
• Complete your worksheet AFTER the video.