Presentation Slides for
Air Pollution and Global Warming:
History, Science, and Solutions
Chapter 9: Indoor Air Pollution
By Mark Z. Jacobson
Cambridge University Press (2012)
Last update: February 15, 2012
The photographs shown here either appear in the textbook or were obtained from the
internet and are provided to facilitate their display during course instruction.
Permissions for publication of photographs must be requested from individual
copyright holders. The source of each photograph is given below the figure and/or in
the back of the textbook.
Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
Kerosene heater
www.chemistryland.com
Gas stove
www.sispropane.ca
Fireplace
Gas heater
Car exhaust from garage
www.homeinteriorszone.com Sims2.puskala.org
www.3planesoft.com
Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
Particle board
Plywood
www.vgtrading.com.ar
Paneling
www.cof.orst.edu
www.germes-online.com
www.californiapaints.com
www.vintageagainsoutheast.com
Img.epinions.com
Dust mites
www.buttercuppuppies.com
Aura.gaia.com
Dust Mite Feces
www.sciencephoto.com
Enhs.umn.edu
Dust Mite
S. Kaulitzki/Dreamstime
Pollen
Fungal spores
specialcomment.wordpress.com
www.,materials.drexel.edu
Bacteria
www.scharfphoto.com
Viruses
www.healthinitiative.org
Static.howstuffworks.com
Geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca
Radioactive Decay Emission
First Evidence of Radioactivity
From Becquerel's Notes
American Institute of Physics Emilio Segrè Visual Archives, William G. Myers Collection
Decay of Uranium to Lead
Decay sequence produces radon, polonium, and lead
4.5x109 yr
238U
234Th
a
234Pa
b
3 min
b
a
b
226Ra
22 yr
210Pb
214Po
a
1620 yr
a
0.00016 s
30 min
214Bi
8x104 yr
230Th
234U
b
27 min
214Pb
a
1.2 min 2.5x105 yr
24 d
222Rn
218Po
a
a
5d
138 d
210Bi
b
3.8 d
210Po
b
206Pb
a
(9.1)
www.epa.gov
Zone 1 (red) = high radon
Radon Zones
Red= high radon
Orange=medium radon
Yellow=low radon
www.epa.gov
Mineral Asbestos
Pancaketom/Dreamstime
Asbestos
Chrysotile
Chrysotile
Amosite
Crocidolite
www.enviraz.co.uk
Robert Grieshaber
Asbestos
Ship insulation
Attic insulation
Lamp wicks
www.technicaon-asbestos.co.uk
Mine
Fire blanket
Home insulation
Pipe insulation
Brake pads
oraclesolutionsltd.co.uk
Locomotive insulation
Roofing products
Health Effects of Asbestos
Lung cancer: 4800 deaths/yr US
Mesothelioma: 2500/yr Cancer of mesothelial membrane lining lungs
Asbestosis: 1400/yr US: Slow, debilitating lung disease
Gastro-intestinal cancer: 1200 deaths/yr
Reports.ewg.org
Libby, Montana
Vermiculite mine, which produced 80% of the world’s
vermiculite, opened in 1918. W.R. Grace Co. owned the mine
from 1963-1990, during which 192 deaths and 375 lung
injuries due asbestos were reported.
Closed Libby vermiculite facility
www.bitsofnews.com
Libby contaminated soil covered
www.home-air-purifier-expert.com
Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Mainstream smoke
Exhaled smoke
Sidestream smoke
Emitted from burning cigarette
Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) = second-hand smoke
Combination of mainstream and sidestream smoke.
Contains more than 4000 particle components and gases,
over 50 of which are known carcinogens. ETS may cause
17% of lung cancers of nonsmokers.
Concentrations
One pack of cigarettes ≈ 20 mg m-3 of particles in room over
24 hours. Near smoker, concentrations 500-1000 mg m-3
Mainstream/Sidestream Smoke
R. Kneschke/Henrischmit/Dreamstime
Comparison of Cigarette with
Automobile Emissions
Avg. cigarette emission (g/cigarette)
CO
0.0464
NOx
Particles
0.0021 0.058
Avg. automobile emission (g/mi)
4.2
0.07
0.01
Number of cigarettes resulting in same
emission as driving one mile
90.5
33.3
0.17
Est. U.S. cigarette emiss. (tonnes/day)
2.7
76
61
Est. mobile-source emiss. (tonnes/day) 193,000 40,600 12,200
Table 9.3
Indoor Cookstove
Kacpura/Dreamstime
Indoor Workplace Standards
www.ipmsafety.com
Indoor Workplace Standards
NAAQS apply to outdoor pollution only in the U.S.
No regulations control air pollution in indoor residences.
Standards for indoor workplaces set by Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA).
Recommendations for standards made by National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Inc. (ACGIH).
Permissible exposure limits (PELs) - set by NIOSH
Maximum allowable indoor workplace concentration over 8-h day
Time-weighted average threshold limit value (TWA-TLV)
Similar to PELs, but set by ACGIH
Comparison of Indoor with
Outdoor Standards
Gas
Indoor 8-h
PEL and
TWA-TLV
(ppmv)
Outdoor
NAAQS
(ppmv)
Outdoor
California
Standard
(ppmv)
Carbon monoxide
35
9.0 (8-h)
9 (8-h)
Nitrogen dioxide
1 (15-m)
0.053 (annual) 0.18 (1-h)
Ozone
0.1
0.075 (8-h)
0.07 (8-h)
Outdoor standards tougher to protect entire population.
Outdoor standards for NO2(g) tougher since ozone forms outdoors,
but not indoors, from NO2(g).
Table 9.4