Hooke's cell
drawing
Published in 1667,
it shows the cells
Robert Hooke
observed in a
piece of cork
wood that he
looked at under a
microscope.
Cells: A Brief History
1665
• Hooke publishes first drawings of cork
• Uses the word “cell” for the first time
1674
• Leeuwenhoek observes tiny “living” things in
pond water using microscope
1838-1839
1855
• Schleiden concludes that plants are made of cells
• Schwann concludes that animals are made of cells
• Virchow proposes Cell Theory
Cell Theory
• All Life Consists of Cells
• Cells are the basic unit of
structure and function in living
things
• New cells are produced from
existing cells
How big are cells?
• Generally from 5-50 µm (micrometers)
• Structures inside the cell are measured in
nm (nanometers)
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Section 7-1
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
Organelles
Go to
Section:
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Section 7-1
Prokaryotic Cell
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA &
Ribosomes too!
Cell membrane
Eukaryotic Cell
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
DNA &
Ribosomes too!
Go to
Section:
Organelles
Prokaryotic
or
Eukaryotic?
Comparing Types of Cells
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Estimating the size of cells
• High Power Diameter
• Low Power Diameter
Potato Cells
Cell Part/Organelle
Function
Analogy
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Animal
Cell Membrane
Controls flow of molecules in and
out of the cell; protective barrier
Cell Wall
Provides Structure and support
Ribosomes
Assembles proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Modifies and transports proteins;
place where lipids are made
Golgi Apparatus
Modify or label (package) proteins
and send to the next destination
Lysosomes
Breaks down and recycles cell
parts/wastes
Vacuoles
Stores materials; provides support
for plants
Mitochondria
Converts food energy (glucose)
into chemical energy (ATP)
Chloroplast
Converts sun’s energy into food
energy (glucose)
Cytoskeleton (microtubules
and microfilaments)
Provides shape and movement to
cell
Plant
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Vacuole
Ribosome
(free)
Chloroplast
Ribosome
(attached)
Cell
Membrane
Nuclear
envelope
Cell wall
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Mitochondrian
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Plant Cell
Go to
Section:
Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome
(attached)
Nuclear
envelope
Mitochondrian
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus
Animal Cell
Go to
Section:
Ribosome
(free)
Cell
Membrane
Comparing Types of
Eukaryotic Cells
Plant
Animal
Figure 7-7 Cytoskeleton
Section 7-2
Cell membrane
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Go to
Section:
Michondrion
Cell Part
Cell Membrane
Function
Analogy
Controls flow of molecules
in and out of the cell;
protection
Submarine; balloon
Cell Wall
Structure and support
bricks on a building
Ribosomes
Assembles proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transports proteins and
other cell materials
Golgi Apparatus
Packages and labels
proteins
Lysosomes
Breaks down and recycles
cell parts
Vacuoles
Stores materials; provides
support for plants
Mitochondria
Converts food energy
(glucose) into chemical
energy (ATP)
Chloroplast
Converts sun’s energy into
food energy (glucose)
Cytoskeleton
Provides shape and
movement to cell
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Animal
Plant
small
large
factory; assembly
line
highway
post office
garbage disposal;
recycling truck
warehouse
battery; weight
room
kitchen
bones
Cell As A Factory- The Building
Cell membrane
• Cell Wall/Membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Cytoskeleton
Cell As A Factory- Production
• Nucleus (nucleolus, nuclear envelope and
• Reticulum
chromatin)
• Ribosome
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Golgi Complex
The Cell As A Factory- Powering
• Chloroplast
• Mitochondria
The Cell As A Factory- Odd Jobs
• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
LIPID STRUCTURE
Lipids are molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms and are not soluble (not able to be
dissolved) in water.
Would this make them Polar or Non-Polar?
Glycerol
Uses:
•Energy Storage
•Compose important part of
cell membranes
Fatty
Acid
Chains
Saturated Lipids
•Contain single carbon bonds
•Rigid molecules
Food Sources:
Saturated Fats
•Animal fats
solids at room temperature
(butter, lard)
Unsaturated Fats
•Plant Fats
liquids are room temp.
(oils: olive/fish, peanuts)
Unsaturated Lipids
•Contain at least one carbon=carbon double bond (unsaturated)
•Sometimes multiple carbon=carbon bonds (polyunsaturated)
•More of a loose molecule
Dehydration Synthesis makes a
Lipid
Things to know about Solutions
-Mixture of two or more substances that are
evenly mixed
-Review: Solute is mixed into Solvent
•Concentration – number assigned to a solution
-mass of solute in a certain
amount of solution
Making Solutions
• % Solution = (solute/total solution) x 100
• Solute= (% solution/100) x total solution
Non-polar Tails
Cell Membrane
- Proteins
running through lipid bilayer
Section 7-3
-Help transport material across membrane
- Also have carbohydrate chains on outer surface
-Act as chemical ID tags
Outside
of cell
Proteins
Carbohydrate
chains
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Go to
Section:
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Things to know about Solutions
-Molecules in solutions spread out randomly
- Molecules will always move from high  low
concentrations
Figure 7-17 Osmosis
Section 7-3
Higher Concentration
of Water
Water molecules
Cell
membrane
Lower Concentration
of Water
Sugar molecules
Cells Always Want Equilibrium!!
- This is when concentration is the same throughout
the solution
- Molecules will move from high to low
concentrations in attempt to reach equilibrium …. this
is diffusion
Higher Concentration
of Water
Water molecules
Cell
membrane
Lower Concentration
of Water
Sugar molecules
- If there are unequal concentrations on either side of the cell membrane,
diffusion will take place until equilibrium is reached.
Section 7-
-After equilibrium is reached, molecules still move in both directions
equally.
-This doesn’t require any energy from the cell.
Higher Concentration
of Water
Water molecules
Cell
membrane
Lower Concentration
of Water
Go to
Section:
Sugar molecules
Osmosis:
A Type of Diffusion
in which water
diffuses across a
selectively
permeable
membrane
FacilitatedFacilitated Diffusion
Diffusion
Glucose
molecules
High
Concentration
Cell
Membrane
Low
Concentration
Go to
Section:
Protein
channel
Figure7-20 Active Transport
Active
Transport
Molecule to
be carried
Low
Concentration
Cell
Membrane
High
Concentration
Molecule
being carried
Low
Concentration
Cell
Membrane
High
Concentration
Energy
Go to
Section:
Energy
Honors Biology- Have a great
weekend!
• 1. Set-up next weeks lab
• 2. Lipid Lab Assessment
• 3. Video on Cell Membrane (6 minutes)
Tips for lab
 Each group will set-up 3 eggs “cells”
 Weigh each egg (be sure to tare balance)
 Write weight in grams on side of Styrofoam cup
 Put name/period on the side of each cup
 Cover each egg with 100 ml of vinegar
 To make egg stay “submerged” put a Styrofoam
cup filled ¼ of the way with water on top of your
egg
 Put cups on cart to sit for the weekend and let
the “magic happen”
YouTube video
• Link to video on Cell Membrane
• http://youtu.be/moPJkCbKjBs
Thursday
• Test: Get a scantron, sharpened pencil
and calculator
• CW: If finished early. Be sure pp. 1 & 2
Guided notes are done and start on
reading 10-2 and complete pp. 4 & 5 of
guided notes
Unicellular Organisms
(Single Cell Organisms)
Both Prokaryotes
and Eukaryotes can
be unicellular
Multi-cellular Organisms show cell
specialization
When cells have
separate roles to
perform specific
functions
of Organization
Levels ofLevels
Organization
in a multicellular organism
Section 7- 4
Muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Tissue is
a group
of similar
cells that
perform
a specific
function
Go to
Section:
Stomach
Organs are
groups of
tissues that
can take on
more
complex
tasks than
just tissue
can
Digestive system
Many tasks can
be completed
when organs
work together
in a system
Human Organs
There are 11 major organ systems.
Respiratory System
Circulatory System
The Cell Membrane
-Lipid
bilayer (2 layers)
Section 7-3
-Contain polar heads, and non polar tails
Outside
of cell
Proteins
Carbohydrate
chains
Cell
membrane
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Go to
Section:
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer