Cells
SOL Review
Cells SOL’s
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LS.2 The student will investigate and understand that all living things
are composed of cells. Key concepts include
cell structure and organelles (cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm,
vacuole, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, and
chloroplast);
similarities and differences between plant and animal cells;
development of cell theory; and
cell division (mitosis and meiosis).
LS.3 The student will investigate and understand that living things
show patterns of cellular organization. Key concepts include
cells, tissues, organs, and systems; and
life functions and processes of cells, tissues, organs, and systems
(respiration, removal of wastes, growth, reproduction, digestion, and
cellular transport).
Life Scientists
1.
Anton van Leewenhoek: created a simple microscope
with a tiny glass bead for a lens
2.
Hooke: looked at slices of cork under his microscope and
called the “empty boxes” he saw cells
3.
Schleiden: concluded that all plants were made of cells
4.
Schwann: concluded that all animals were made of cells
5.
Virchow: hypothesized that older cells divide to form
new cells.
Discovering Cells
Life and Cells
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Living organisms require food, water, shelter,
energy, and space to survive.
Cells are the smallest units that carry out activities of
life.
The three components of the cell theory are:
1) all organisms are made up of one of more cells
2) cells are the basic unit of structure and functions in all
organisms
3) all cells come from cells that already exist.
Cells working together
Cell Purpose
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Cells perform numerous functions and processes
including respiration, waste removal, growth,
irritability, and reproduction.
1.
Cells that have the same goal group together
to form tissues
Tissues that have the same goal group
together to form organs
Organs with similar goals group to work in
organ systems (respiratory system,
digestive, nervous…)
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Cell Differences
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Unicellular organisms are made of only one cell.
Multi-cellular organisms are made of many cells.
There is a division of labor for carrying out the
necessary life processes.
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane around nucleus
(bacteria)
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus with a membrane
Specialized Cells
Cell Parts… YOU NEED
THESE!!!
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Cell membrane forms the outer boundary of the cell and
only allows certain things to enter and exit the cell. (School
entrance door)
Nucleus directs all of the activities of the cell and contains
all of the genetic blueprints for the operations of the cell.
(Principal)
Cytoplasm is the gel-like material inside the cell
membrane and outside of the nucleus. (School Building)
Endoplasmic reticulum acts as the highway system of the
cell and moves materials around the cell. (Hallways)
Cytoplasm
Vacuole
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Golgi bodies of the cell packages materials to be moved
to the outside of the cell. (Custodians)
Mitochondria of a cell are the powerhouse of the cell that
breaks down food molecules and produces energy for the
cell. (Cafeteria)
Lysosomes of a cell digest and destroy waste products
and worn-out cell parts. (Restroom)
Vacuoles are temporary storage units for the cells that
may contain food, water, or waste. (Lockers)
Ribosome make proteins for the cell and are attached to
the endoplasmic reticulum. (Teachers)
Organelles
Plant Cell Parts
Chloroplasts are organelles in plant cells that
transform light energy into chemical energy in
the form of sugar.
11. Cell wall only found in plant cells outside of the
cell membrane, is to support and protect the cell.
10.
Parts of an animal cell
Animal Cell
Plant Cell
Differences
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The differences between plant cells and animal cells are:
plant cells have chloroplasts, cell walls, and larger vacuoles.
Animal cells have centrioles during mitosis.
Equation for photosynthesis:
Water + Carbon Dioxide + Light Energy -> Glucose + Oxygen
OR
(reactants)
(products)
CO2 + H2O + sunlight ----> C6H12O6 + O2
Photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and species of bacteria
Diffusion vs Osmosis
Diffusion: the movement of molecules from where
there are many to where there are few.
Osmosis is the diffusion of
water through a cell
membrane.
Diffusion and Osmosis
Mitosis
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Mitosis is the process in which the nucleus of a cell
divides and replicates to form two identical nuclei in
a series of 5 phases. A duplicate is made..
All DNA & 2 identical cells
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Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase.
1. The normal phase is interphase (before mitosis--like an introduction or in
between time).
2. The first phase is prophase where the chromosomes become visible,
nucleolus & nuclear membrane disappear, centrioles move to opposite ends
of cell and formation of spindle fibers begins.
3. The second phase is metaphase when double-stranded chromosomes line
up across the center of cell, and each centromere becomes attached to a
spindle fiber.
4. The third phase is anaphase where each centromere divides and the two
strands of chromosomes split, separate, and move to opposite ends of cell.
5. The final phase is telophase with appearance of 2 new cells emerging.
Cytokinesis is the cytoplasmic changes that occur during mitosis, meiosis and
fertilization.
In plant cell mitosis, plant cells have rigid cell walls do not form centrioles.
Meiosis
Meiosis is the process of division in cells that
produces sex cells (these are the cells that make
you a boy or a girl).
 4 cells that are all different w/ ½ the amount of
DNA in each
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