HOLT
Chapter 1
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
WORLD BEFORE THE
OPENING OF THE ATLANTIC
Section l: The Earliest Americans
Section 2: Cultural Areas in North America
Section 3: Europe During the Middle Ages
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Section 1:
The Earliest Americans
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
OBJECTIVES
 How did the first people arrive in the
Americas?
 Why was the development of agriculture
important?
 What were some aspects of early
Mesoamerican cultures?
 What early societies existed in North America,
and what were their accomplishments?
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Section 1:
The Earliest Americans
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Adapting to a New Climate
 Warmer weather at the end of the Ice Age
created many new environments.
 Different environments influenced the
development of Native American societies.
 The development of agriculture allowed many
Native American groups to settle in villages
and led to the rise of larger and more complex
societies.
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Section 1:
The Earliest Americans
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Mesoamerica and South America
 Olmec Society
 Called the “mother culture”
 Priests created number and calendar systems;
invented a method of writing that used glyphs
 Maya Civilization
 Built many large stone temples, palaces, and
bridges
 Created several calendars
 Studied mathematics and astronomy
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Section 1:
The Earliest Americans
(continued)
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Mesoamerica and South America
 Aztec Civilization
 Tenochtitlán – the center of Aztec civilization
 Tenochtitlán – stood in the middle of a huge lake
with raised highways connecting the city to the
shore
 Is believed that as many as 300,000 people may
have lived in Tenochtitlán
 Conquered most of their neighbors and had a vast
trading network
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Section 1:
The Earliest Americans
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Early North American Societies
 The Anasazi
 Built their pueblos, or villages, among high hills
and deep canyons
 Pueblos were made mostly of cut stone or adobe
– sun-baked clay and straw – and were multistory
buildings with ladders
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Section 1:
The Earliest Americans
(continued)
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Early North American Societies
 The Hopewell
 Built large burial mounds
 Supported their large populations with agriculture
and trade
 The Mississippian
 Had religious practices honoring the dead
 Built pyramid mounds out of solid earth where
religious ceremonies were held on top of the
pyramids
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Section 2:
Cultural Areas in North America
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
OBJECTIVES
 How did the environment influence Native
American cultures in North America?
 What types of housing did Native Americans
build?
 What were various traits of Native Americans
in different culture areas?
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HOLT
CALL TO
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Beginnings to 1877
Influence of Environment
 The Far North
 Few plants grew in Arctic culture area because of extreme
cold weather
 Groups survived by fishing and hunting large mammals
 Built earthen, stone, or wooden houses partly
underground and sometimes used blocks of ice or other
materials to build igloos for housing
 The Pacific Coast
 Mild climate allowed for plentiful supply of game
 Many food sources available to those living in southern
region
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(continued)
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Influence of Environment
 The West and the Southwest
 Less rain received in this area led to fewer resources
available
 People used a variety of methods to obtain food, including
hunting, irrigation, agriculture, and raiding other villages
 The Great Plains
 Were mainly grassland, on which millions of buffalo and
other game grazed in herds
 Some groups grew crops such as maize, beans, and
squash
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(continued)
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Influence of Environment
 The East
 Part of region was mainly forest and thus rich in sources
for food and shelter
 The Everglades – a huge swamp that also provided many
resources
 Many in region were able to exist by farming, hunting and
gathering, trading, and fishing
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Section 2:
Cultural Areas in North America
HOLT
CALL TO
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Types of Housing
 Igloos
 Wigwams
 Longhouses
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Section 2:
Cultural Areas in North America
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
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Cultural Traits
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Language
Fishing and hunting
Totems
Potlatches
Religious activities
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Section 1:
The Earliest Americans
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
The First Migration to the Americas
 Many scientists believe that people first
arrived in North America during the last Ice
Age.
 Historians rely on archaeology (the study of
the unwritten past) and artifacts (remains of
objects made by humans) to determine when
people crossed into North America.
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CALL TO
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Primary resources provide firsthand evidence of historical events.
Primary sources are the evidence left behind by participants or observers.
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HOLT
CALL TO
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Beginnings to 1877
Examples of primary sources include:
Diaries, journals, speeches, interviews, letters, memos, manuscripts and
other papers in which individuals describe events in which they were
participants or observers;
Memoirs and autobiographies;
Records of organizations and agencies of government;
Published materials written at the time of the event;
Photographs, audio recordings, moving pictures, video recordings
documenting what happened;
Artifacts of all kinds; and
Research reports in the sciences and social sciences.
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Section 1:
The Earliest Americans
(continued)
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
The First Migration to the Americas
 Migrations, movement of people from one
region to another, took place over a long period
of time.
 Artifacts suggest that Paleo-Indians (during the
last Ice Age), the first Americans, crossed into
Alaska from Asia sometime between 38,000 and
10,000 b.c. across Beringia, a land bridge.
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Section 3:
Europe During the Middle Ages
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
OBJECTIVES
 What new lands did the Vikings Explore?
 What were society and daily life like during
the Middle Ages?
 How did the Catholic Church affect people’s
lives during the Middle Ages?
 What events brought about major change in
the late Middle Ages?
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C
HOLT
Section 3:
ALL TO
Europe During the Middle Ages
REEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Viking Exploration
The Vikings sailed to Europe and North
America.
*** The Vikings were the 1st Europeans to land
on the shores of North America.
Vinland: colony est.(1000 A.D.) by Leif
Eriksson in N. America.
F
874 AD- 1000AD
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Vocabulary: “How To”
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
 Identify & Explain the term. Give the
significance/importance of the term. The glossary
is a starting point, but does not contain all of the
info necessary in order to write a COMPLETE
explanation.
 Who?
 What?
 When ?
 Where?
 Why?
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CALL TO
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Voc: Example
 King John: Great great grandson of William
of Normandy
 1. King John:
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HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
SILK ROAD: Quote example for VOC.
“The trade of spices and goods to and from
Asia and Europe remained constant, while
the materials bartered slowly changed. The
political boundaries as well as the national
identities of the encompassing countries
also were altered.”
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HOLT
Images: QuizVoc. Examples
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
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Vocabulary for CH.1 Sec. 3&4
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1. William of Normandy 1066
2. King John II of England
3. Magna Carta(Great Charter) 1215
4. Renaissance
5. Muhammad
6. Islam
7. Crusades
8. Pope Urban II
9. Silk Road
10. Kublai Khan
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C
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Section 3:
ALL TO
Europe During the Middle Ages
REEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Society and Daily Life in the Middle Ages
F
 The Middle Ages lasted from about A.D.
500 to 1500.
 A New Government developed called
feudalism.
 People lived on large estates called manors.
 Life of nobility and peasants differed.
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Section 3:
Europe During the Middle Ages
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Catholic Church in the Middle Ages
Beginnings to 1877
 The Catholic Church was the center of
religious and social life.
 Christianity-esp. the Catholic Church
influenced culture and politics.
 Monasteries and convents were
important to Christian men and
women. ***Centers of education &
book production.****
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ENGLAND
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
FRANCE
Map Explained
William first moved his invasion fleet from the River Dives in Normandy to St.
Valery. The fleet landed at Pevensey without opposition and William defeated
Harold at Hastings. Dover was the next target as William needed the important
Channel crossing point. Canterbury fell and William marched to London. He was
forced back and marched around London via Newbury and Wallingford to
Berkhamsted. Here the Archbishop of York and the Earls met William and
accepted him as their new king.
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Section 3:
Europe During the Middle Ages
Major Change in the Late Middle Ages
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
 Nobles lost power to growing kingdomsex=England & France.
 Monarchs built new nations.
 1066 William of Normandy conquered
England.
 King John II of England(ggreat grandson
of Wm. of Normandy) misused his royal
power & the nobles rebelled against him .
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**King John II was forced in 1215 to sign
the Magna Carta- it limited English
monarchs’ power and protected some
individual rights.
**The Magna Carta(The Great Charter)
was one of the 1st documents to help
protect the rights of individuals.
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CALL TO
FREEDOM
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 Cities grew, Trade expanded, & Agricultural
innovations led to population growth in England.
 Renaissance: began in Italy around 1300 =
“rebirth” of interest in the arts-esp. of ancient
Greece & Rome, science, and intellectual
thought that helped bring about the Age of
Exploration/Discovery in the 1400s.
 *Encouraged
people
to
value
human
achievement.
 To seek glory through adventure, discovery, &
conquest
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HOLT
The Commercial Revolution & Renaissance
Change Europe
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Commercial Revolution: Merchants conduct
business =more aggressive abt making profit.
 Capital: money or property used to earn more $
 Cities grew rich from trade.
 Banks were created.
 Joint stock companies: businesses formed by a
group of people who jointly make an investment
and share in the profits and losses- Reduces risks
for merchants.
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Sec. 1:
 Renaissance encourages exploration
& communication, exchange of ideas.
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
EXAMPLES
 Johannes Gutenberg’s Printing Press
helped spread PROTESTANT
REFORMATION & new ideas of science
and literature from Renaissance.
 New techno advances: Astrolabe &
Magnetic Compass , Caravel, used in
navigation of the waters.
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West Africa Connects with the Wider World
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F
CALL TO
The Sahara Highway
REEDOM
• Trading network connects West Africa to
Beginnings to 1877
North Africa, Europe, Asia
• Traders(Berbers) bring Islam; by 1200s court religion of
Mali (Timbuktu center of Islamic learning & Culture),
• Muhamad founded Islam 610 AD: teach the word of Allah
The Portuguese Arrive
• By 1470s, Portuguese have coastal outpost near Akan
goldfields
• Portuguese: 1st to begin European trade in West African
slaves
• First slaves work on plantation—large farm with single
crop
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Portuguese Exploration: AFRICA
Prince Henry the Navigator:
*Founded school - Portugal study & improve navigation of
SEAS
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*Mapmakers helped w/ Exploration
*Caravel
*Compass
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Silk Road:
HOLT
dangerous & unreliable b/c- bandit raids & political changes Asia 1400s.
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Example: Portugal sought a sea route in 1400
b/c Venice monopolized Asian trade along
Silk Road.
*Portugal1st to find ALL water route to ASIA
Bartolomeu Dias: 1488 discovered
Cape of Good Hope could be
Sailed around
“ TOTAL CONTROL”
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Africa: long distance trade networks developed
in West Africa by Berbers: African nomads who
used camels to carry goods across the
desert(Sahara).
***Timbuktu,Mali: became the center of Islamic
culture & learning b/c Mali’s rulers embraced
Islam.
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 Vasco da
Gama(Portuguese)
sailed around Cape
of Good Hope &
explored India.
(1498) learns THAT
India already EST.=
long trade w/ Muslim
& Italian Merchants.
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Sailing around the Globe
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CALL TO
 Ferdinand Magellan finds western REEDOM
water route
Beginnings to 1877
to Asia in 1519.
 Magellan finds a passageway (strait) at the
southern tip of South America (Cape Horn)
which became known as the Strait of Magellan.
 Magellan’s crew is the first to circumnavigate
the world. Sail all the way around the world.
 Changed name from South Sea to Pacific Ocean
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FREEDOM
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Sec. 1: Europeans Set Sail
Trade with Africa and Asia
Western Europeans want to find new
sea route for trade with Africa and
Asia… WHY? = EEL
HOLT
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
Earn $$$
2 Ensure way 2 get trade goods
2 Learn other cultures
 2
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Sec.1: Europeans Set Sail
Portuguese Exploration: AFRICA
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 Est. trading posts 2 supply ships along W.
coast Africa.
 Develop relationships w/ local rulers and
merchants for GISS
 Warfare: kingdoms W. Africa b/c of slave
trade among African kingdoms &
European Countries= 1st =Porugal.
 Break up of W. African families b/c of
slave trade =consequence of Portuguese
exploration
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 Long distance trade networks developed in Africa.
African Kingdoms
Beginnings to 1877
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MOST valued trade goods from Africa. GISS
Gold
Ivory
Salt
Slaves
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Ch. 1/Sec 4: Empires in Asia
CALL TO
FREEDOM
Beginnings to 1877
 Emperor Kublai Kahn in 1279 expanded
Chinese trade with the western world
 The SILK ROAD opened up overland trading
routes. Gold, silk, & spices made way to
Europe.
 Europeans valued SILK & SPICES more than
any other trade goods from Asian merchants.
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Silk & Spices
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Silk Road:
HOLT
Dangerous &Unreliable
-1.bandit raids
-2.political changes Asia 1400s
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FREEDOM
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Crusades: were military expeditions in the name of
Christianity that took place during the Middle Ages 10961270.
-Christians try & regain the Holy Land from the Muslims.
-Christians failed to “rescue” the Holy Land
-Consequences of Crusades
1. Encouraged European Exploration & Expansion
2. Sparked interest in trade b/c Crusaders returned w/
Asian “new” Asian goods
3. Weakened power of European nobles b/c many were
killed or lost their fortunes as result of Crusades.
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CALL TO
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THE CRUSADES
Beginnings to 1877
New Trade
Routes
whetted
European
appetites
for luxuries
The growth
of towns est.
new trade
opportunitie
s & new
markets
Monarchies
were
strengthened,
giving them
resources fro
overseas
exploration
Monarchs began
looking for
overseas wealth
to maintain their
large armies &
bureaucracies
RESULT??? European Exploration of the Americas
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CALL TO
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Map of the Crusades
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Chapter 1 Section 4
HOLT
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 The spread of Islam: trades from North Africa
brought Islamic faith across Sahara & it spread
quickly to Middle East
 In 622, in Arabia, Muhammad founded Islam to
spread the word of Allah.
 Islamic teachings are found in their holy book
called the Qur’an. (Koran)
 *Timbuktu: became the center of Islamic culture
& learning b/c Mali’s rulers embraced Islam.
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What are the names of these 3 people & what is their connection ?
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 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (Spain)
agree to finance Columbus’ voyage.
 Queen Isabella= devout Catholic. wanted to
convert “natives” to Christianity: Catholicism.
Used to justify explorations.
 Spain: want to reach East Indies so compete w/
Portugal b/c Portugal #1 in exploration of this
time.
 Common European name for Asia was the
Indies.
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Reach Asia by sailing WEST across the Atlantic
“Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492”
 Idea considered daring & impossible b/c long journey.
*Aug. 3, 1492- Columbus left Palos, Spain with 3ships: Niña ,
Pinta & Santa Maria
*Oct 12-Land sighted by crew on Pinta.
C.C.named the island San Salvador
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Sec. 2: Voyages to the Americas
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Columbus’s 1st Exploration
REEDOM
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 Searched for riches &Explored islands
 Taino: first people Columbus came into contact
with.
 Actually landed in the Bahamas- island group
 Thought landed in East Indies=NOT!
 REASON he called the first people he
encountered “INDIANS”
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Reactions of Spain & Portugal
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F
REEDOM
 King Ferdinand asks= Pope Alexander VI
Beginnings to 1877
to create an imaginary boundary line showing the landthat
Spain could explore & claim.
Line of Demarcation1493: imaginary line that marked the
lands Spain could explore. Spain could explore any lands
WEST of this line. This made Portugal (King John II)
mad.
 Treaty of Tordesillas: 1494 Spain &Portugal as a
compromise. The Line of Demar. Was moved 800 miles
farther west: giving Portugal more opportunity to claim
lands unexplored by Europeans.
 BRAZIL: explored by Portugal- reason they speak
Portuguese.
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Spain gets all new lands west of line & Portugal gets all new lands
east of line.
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Section 4:
The Opening of the Atlantic
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The Columbian Exchange: explorers carried
plants, animals & diseases to the “New World”,
but also brought back to plants & animals to the
“Old World”
 Europeans – helped Europeans because they
obtained new crops and animals
 American Indians – also helped American
Indians obtain new crops and animals;
harmed American Indians, however, because
they were killed by European diseases
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PG. 33 in textbook
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 Would allow ships to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the
Pacific Ocean & Increased European interest in North
America
 Jacques Cartier: French explorer : (1500s) of eastern
Canada & sailed the St. Lawrence River all the way to
Montreal (present day). Looking for N.W. passage.
 Samuel de Champlain: French explorer responsible for
most of French claims to Canada. Also discovered the
Great Lakes-had help from the Huron Indians.
 Neither Cartier, Champlain or Hudson ever found a
N.W. PASSAGE. This did not cause a lack of interest in
exploration.
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