Ibrahim Komoo & Joy Jacqueline Pereira
Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Resources:
• Land
• Soil
• Water
• Minerals
• Energy materials
• Underground space etc.

Hazards
• Stability
• Health risk
• Environment
• Earthquakes and tsunami
• Volcanic eruptions
• Subsidence
• Flooding
• Erosion etc.

• Cities occupy about 3% of the Earth’s land surface
• 50% of the world’s population is urban
- Asia: hosts 60% of the world’s population, with 48% urban.
- Asia: hosts six of the 10 megacities in the world
• 75% of the world population lives in coastal zones

Distribution of Natural Disasters by Origin, 1994-
2003 Source: OFDA/CRED International Disaster
Database
1000
800
600
400
467
332
200
0
15
718
7544
Africa Americas
990
Asia
394
28 31
123
16 9
Europe Oceania
Hydrometeorological Geological Biological

Average number of people affected per million inhabitants,1994-2003 Source: OFDA/CRED
International Disaster Database
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000 17888
10000
0
1
5453
4919174
2
64043
9483311 2850582612
3 4
34380
7042741
5
Hydrometeorological Geological Biological Technological

Average Number of People Killed per million inhabitants, 1994-2003 Source:OFDA/CRED
International Disaster Database
8
7.436
7.613
7.337
6
5.904
4 3.654
2 1.661
0.354
0
1.318
Africa Americas
1.275
0.322
Asia
1.097
1.694
2.056
0.937
Europe Oceania
Hydrometeorological Geological Biological Technological

Natural
Disasters in Malaysia
Source: Lim, C.S
(2004)
Year Type
1919 Slide
1967 Flood
1970 Windstorm
1973 Slide
1983 Flood
1986 Flood
1988 Flood
1993 Slide
1993 Flood
1995 Slide
Location
Bukit Tunggal (Perak)
Kelantan Terengganu
Semenanjung Malaysia
Gunung Cheroh (Perak)
Pantai Timur Semenanjung
Kelantan & Terengganu
Pantai Timur Semenanjung
Highland Towers (Kuala Lumpur)
Pahang, Terengganu & Kelantan
Genting Sempah (Selangor)
1996 Slide
1996 Slide
Pos Dipang (Perak)
Cameron Highlands (Pahang)
1996 Windstorm - Typhoon
Greg
Keningau, Sulaman, Tamparuli, Kiulu & Kota
Kinabalu (Sabah)
1999 Slide
2000 Flood
2001 Flood
2001 Slide
2001 Slide
2002 Slide
2002 Slide
2002 Windstorm
2003 Flood
Sandakan (Sabah)
Terengganu, Kedah, Kelantan & Perlis
Pontian & Johor Baharu (Johor)
Sepangar Bay (Sabah)
Gunung Pulai (Johor)
Simunjan (Sarawak)
Tmn Hillview (Selangor)
Lembah Klang (Selangor & Kuala Lumpur)
Kuala Terengganu, Kemaman, Dungun &
Marang (Terengganu), Kota Baharu
(Kelantan), Kuantan (Pahang)
2003 Flood
2004 Slide
2004 Flood
2004
2004
Flood
Waves - Tsunami
Kedah, Penang, Perak
Gunung Bercham (Ipoh)
Kuching, Bau, Selangau, Sibu & Samarahan
(Sarawak), Pontian, Johor Bahru & Kota
Tinggi (Johor)
Kelantan, Terengganu dan Pahang
Kedah, Pulau Pinang, Perak dan Selangor
Fatality
12
50
27
40
10
11
27
48
30
20
44
4
238
4
16
8
2
5
17
12
5
16
3
2
3
13
68

Pos Dipang debris flood, 44 people were reported lost or killed – August 1996

Taburan Banjir dan Banjir
Kilat di Shah Alam
(1990 – 1998)
•
178 Kejadian
•
34 Kawasan
Skala
0 1 2 3 4 5 KM
Bilangan Kejadian Banjir dan Banjir Kilat di Shah Alam (1990 - 1998)
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
3
1990
25
4
1991 1992
32
8
19
1993 1994
Tahun
1995
33
1996
41
13
1997 1998
Sumber: Bachat, J. 2006

Nama tempat
Bil. kejadian
Kekerapan
(1990-98)
Lebuhraya Persekutuan (Sg.
Rasau), Jln. Subang Airport,
Kg.
Subang, Kg.
Lanchong
Jaya, Kg.
Melayu Kebun
Bunga, Tmn. Sri Kilat, Tmn.
Maznah, Kg. Bukit Naga, Tmn.
Rashna, Kg.
Lombong, Kg.
Baru Hicom, Kg. Baru Subang,
Jln. Glenmarie, NKVE (Plaza
Tol Shah Alam), NKVE (Batu
Tiga), Shah Alam, Ladang
Elmina, Kg. Sg. Pelong & Kg.
Baru Sg. Buloh
Kg. Lembah Bina, Kg. Padang
Jawa, Sg. Rasau, Kg. Melayu
Subang, Bt. Kemuning, Kg. Jln.
Kebun & Kg. Paya Jaras
Dalam
Kg. Merbau Sempak, Kg. Kubu
Gajah, Kg. Paya Jaras Hilit &
Kg. Paya Jaras Tengah
Kg. Kebun Bunga, Batu Tiga,
Tmn. Sri Muda, Kg. Paya
Jaras Hulu & Bandar Baru
Sg. Buloh
1
5
8
– 4
– 7
– 10
11 – 15
Jarang
Sederhana kerap
Kerap
Sangat kerap
Sumber: Bachat, J. 2006
PETUNJUK PENGELASAN
KEKERAPAN BANJIR
Jarang
(1 - 4 Kejadian)
Sederhana kerap
(5 - 7 Kejadian)
Kerap
(8 - 10 Kejadian)
Sangat Kerap
(11 - 15 Kejadian)
Skala
0 1 2 3 4 5 KM

Landslides at Bukit Antarabangsa
Location Date Fatality
Tmn Hillview
Jln Lee Woon, Tmn Zooview
Tmn Zooview
Riverdale Apartment
Taman Kosas
Tmn Mulia Jaya
Bt Antarabangsa
Sg Sering,Tmn Kelab Ukay
Kg. Seri Damai (dkt Tmn Kencana)
Kg. Seri Damai (dkt Tmn Kencana)
Tmn Bt. Permai
Mutiara Court, Bt. Indah
Jln Wangsa, Bt Antarabangsa
Athenaeum Tower, Bt Antarabangsa
Jln Tasik Permai
Tmn TAR
Blok 1 Highland Towers
20 Nov 2002 8 deaths 5 injured
9 Nov 2001
29 Oct 2001
April 2001
4 Jan 2001
12 Dec 2000
5 Oct 2001
30 Mac 2000
27 Feb 2000
24 Feb 2000
6 Jun 1999
11 July 1999
15 May 1999
15 May 1999
Feb 1994
18 Dec 1993
11 Dec 1993
1 death
48 deaths
The Malay Mail 22 Nov 2002 dan Arkib NST

2002
Highland
Towers
Tmn
Hillview
• Tragedy could have been avoided
• Destroyed a bungalow house
• Approx. 50m wide and 200m long
• 8 lives were lost, 5 were injured
Athenaeum
Tower 1993
• Loss of 48 lives in total
• Destroyed a 12-storey condominium and a bungalow
• Abandonment of Highland
Towers Block B and C
• Litigation by owner of residents in Block B and C
• Compensation to some of the families
• 10,000 residents cut off from the city
• Evacuation of 1000 apartment dwellers
• Water supply disrupted for several days
• Decrease in property value
1999

ROCK SLOPE FAILURES IN MALAYSIA
History of Rockfall:
1919 Bukit Tunggal
1973 Bukit Cheruh, Ipoh
1996 Gua Tempurung
2001 Tmn Rawang Perdana
2003 Bukit Lanjan
2004 Gunung Bercham, Ipoh

Pekan
K4
SK
K6
KBN

 The entire Kundasang highland area is experiencing aggravated threats from landslides. Large portions of residential areas sit on this landslide complex that is slowly moving.
 As a result of this the local community is faced with the problems of social insecurity, economic hardship and environmental degradation.
 Because of the large size, individual dwellers, while aware of local ground instability, were not aware of the landslide extent and the threat it poses.

Langkah Jangka Pendek

Kenalpasti zon berisiko tinggi

Langkah baikpulih kejuruteraan

Langkah bukan kejuruteraan

Sistem komunikasi penduduk tempatan – agensi berkepentingan
Langkah Jangka Panjang

Pendidikan dan kesedaran awam

Perubahan guna tanah – pembangunan semula

Kawalan pergerakan terintegrasi

Unit pengurusan dan pemantauan gelinciran

Zon bahaya di sekitar kawasan petempatan padat terutamanya:
•Pasar & Pekan Kundasang
•SMK Kundasang
•Kg. Lembah Permai
•Kg. Sinisian
•Kg. Dumpiring
•SK Kundasang

Governance Framework
 Stakeholder involvement – participation in decision making and planning processes
 Innovative governance structures – there is a need to review current systems, processes, procedures and instruments for mountain governance
 Incorporated ecosystem approach – the ecosystem approach in planning, managing, developing and monitoring mountain ecosystems
 Balancing the needs of conservation and development – the balancing of the needs for economic and social development and ecosystem capacity must be given greater consideration
 Assessment and monitoring measures – there should exist a system that allows for regular monitoring and assessment

Tsunami 26.12.04 in Malaysia localities
• Estimated death toll: 68
• Kota Kuala Muda, Kedah
 12
• Penang  52
• Langkawi  1
• Tg.Piandang, Perak  2
• Sabak Bernam, Sgor  1
• Missing bodies: 3
• The bodies of three brothers from Penang have yet to be found
(The Star, April 6, 2005).

Houses destroyed by tsunami

• The need for a disaster management response, i.e. Early Warning
System to be installed, 15 minute warning
• Mangrove conservation: mangrove along the coast exposed to extensive erosion and intrusion. No development in mangrove sanctuaries
• Cooperation and coordination among government agencies, NGOs, community and private sector in disaster response
• Reconstruction plans should look at the needs of the victims, i.e. housing schemes for fishermen’ way of life
• Public Awareness and education: Informing citizens on how to deal with a disaster
• Development/settlement along the coastline need further assessment to ensure safety
• Current guidelines for disaster management need to include tsunami related damage and impacts
• Governance for Disaster Management: need for clear guidelines, role of media in early warning, role of lead agency, coordination with private sector, NGO, JKKK, religious institutions…..

Disaster Management and Prevention –
• Public Awareness and Education
• Information Availability
• Coordination and Clarification of Roles and Responsibilities
• Integrated Approach to Hazards and Risk
Management
• Prevention & Minimising Impacts
• Disaster Management

Disaster Management and Prevention –
• Promote training and education – formal & informal
• Introduce retraining – practitioners
• Enhance technical knowledge
• Conduct state-of-the-art & participatory action research
• Bridge gaps in the science-governance interface
• Strengthen institutional arrangements
• Promote stakeholder and public participation
***Is there need for a dedicated institution?***

Disaster Management and Prevention –
The Hyogo Framework Action (2005-2015) –
Priorities for Action
 Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation.
 Identify, assess and monitor risks and enhance early warning.
 Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels.
 Reduce the underlying risk factors.
 Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels.

Disaster Management and Prevention –
First Session of The Global Platform for
Disaster Risk Reduction: 5-7 June 2007
 Primary multi-stakeholder forum for all parties involved in disaster risk reduction.
 Assess progress in the implementation of the
Hyogo Framework and ISDR action 2008-09
 Calls for greater access to earth science skills for developing countries; including mapping of high risk areas.
 UNFCCC Secretariat: disaster risk reduction is represented in the adaptation discourse of the climate change negotiations.

Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia