LAB 7
THE CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
BY-102
Zach Nolen
Types of Systems
• Open System
• Insects and crustaceans
have this system
• Closed System
• We have this system
Closed Circulatory System
• There are 3 things needed
for a closed system:
• Pump = Heart
• Pipes = Blood Vessels
• Medium = Blood
Components of Blood
• Our blood is composed of several components
• 55% Plasma
• 45% formed elements
• Red Blood Cells (RBCs) - Erythrocytes
• White Blood Cells (WBCs) – Leukocytes
• Platelets - Thrombocytes
Red Blood Cells
• Are biconcave with no
nucleus
• Contain hemoglobin to
transport oxygen
• Transport oxygen and
carbon dioxide
White Blood Cells
• Part of the immune system
• Help fight off foreign
invaders
• Cause immune responses
such as allergies, fever, and
inflammation
Platelets
• Responsible for clotting
• Release fibrin which causes RBCs to club together to
form a scab
• Hemophilia is a hereditary blood disease where blood
can’t clot properly.
• Can also be caused by a Vitamin K deficiency
Circulation of Blood
Double Circulation
• Composed of 2 parts:
• Pulmonary Circulation
• RBCs pick up oxygen and drop off carbon dioxide
• Systemic Circulation
• RBCs deliver oxygen to cells and pick up carbon dioxide
Veins and Arteries
• In all types of circulation
• Veins carry blood TO the heart
• Arteries carry blood AWAY FROM the heart
• Blood vessels start out large leaving the heart, get
smaller, then get bigger coming back to the heart
Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries (oxygen exchange) → Venules →Veins
Major Blood Vessels
• There are four major sets of vessels that attach to the
heart
• Superior and Inferior Vena Cava – Right Atrium
• Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries – Right Ventricle
• Right and Left Pulmonary Veins – Left Atrium
• Aorta – Left Ventricle
The Heart
Blood Flow through the Heart
Pulmonary
Left Atrium
Veins
Left
Ventricle
*Lungs*
Pulmonary
Arteries
Aorta
Right
Ventricle
*Body*
Right
Atrium
Inferior
Vena
Cava
Superior
Vena
Cava
Heart Valves
• Atrioventricular Valves
• Tricuspid – between the
right atrium and right
ventricle
• Bicuspid (Mitral valve) –
between the left atrium
and left ventricle
• Semilunar Valves
• Pulmonary Valve –
between the right
ventricle and the
pulmonary arteries
• Aortic Valve – between
the left ventricle and the
aorta
Heart Murmur
• Caused by a valve not shutting all the way when the way
when the heart beats or a hole in the heart
• Causes blood to backflow in the opposite direction of
intended path
Atherosclerosis
• Build up of fat in the blood vessels
• Can block blood from flowing (increasing blood pressure)
• Can rip or tear blood vessel (causing a stroke)
Heart Sounds (“Lubb-Dubb”)
• First Sound: “Lubb”
• Corresponds to the
closing of the
atrioventricular valves
• Semilunar Valves open
at this time
• This is the start of
systole (contraction
phase)
• Second Sound: “Dubb”
• Corresponds to the
closing of the semilunar
valves
• Atrioventricular valves
open at this time
• This is the start of distole
(relaxation phase)
Blood Pressure
• Is recorded like a fraction
• 120/80
• The top number is the systolic pressure and the bottom
number is the diastolic pressure
Systolic/Diastolic
• Systole
• Moment blood leaves
the heart
• Contraction of ventricles
• Moment of highest
pressure in the blood
vessels
• Diastole
• Moment of rest between
heartbeats
• Moment of lowest
pressure in blood
vessels
How to determine these values
• Korotkoff sounds
• Sounds produced as blood spurts through a partially collapsed
artery while taking blood pressure
• First sound = Systolic (highest pressure)
• Last sound = Diastolic (lowest pressure)
Review Questions
1. What are the main components of human blood?
2. What are the three things needed for a closed
circulatory system?
3. What is atherosclerosis?
4. What do platelets do?
5. What do red blood cells do?
Lab Exercises
• We will be completing the following exercises
• Exercise C – p.71
• Exercise D – p.72
• You should complete all tables, graphs, and questions
throughout the lab section.
Before you leave
• Clean up your work station
Before next lab
• Complete all sections for lab manual check
• Complete study guide 2 (optional)
• Study for test