Women and Native Americans
Fight for Change
The Main Idea
In the 1960s women and Native Americans struggled to
achieve social justice.
Reading Focus
• What led to the revival of the women’s movement?
• Which issues were important to the women’s liberation
movement?
• What were the lives of Native Americans like by the early 1960s?
• How did Native Americans fight for fairness?
The Woman’s Liberation Movement
• The movement for women’s rights had many different
names: the women’s liberation movement, the feminist
movement, and the equal rights movement.
• Organized group discussions for women in the late 1960s
led some women to recognize the discrimination they
experienced as part of a larger pattern of discrimination
based on gender.
• Core belief of the woman’s liberation movement was
feminism—the conviction that women and men should be
socially, politically, and economically equal.
• The woman’s movement reemerged in the late 1960s
because women began to question why they were still
considered unequal to men
The Women’s Liberation Movement
NOW
ERA
Roe v. Wade
• The National
Organization for
Women (NOW)
• The Equal Rights
Amendment
(ERA)
• Fought gender
discrimination in
the workplace,
schools, and the
justice system
• Promised equal
treatment for men
and women in all
spheres, not just
employment
• Supreme Court
case that gave
women the right
to have an
abortion
• To obtain its goals,
NOW Lobbied
government
• Some saw the ERA
as a threat to
family life
• Securing
abortion rights
sparked a debate
that continues to
this day.
Effects of the Women’s Movement
• The number of women holding professional jobs
increased.
• More women moved into senior positions in the
government.
– More female politicians were elected to Congress.
• The feminist movement slowed its pace in the
late 1970s.
– There was a perception that it only benefited wealthy
white women.
Native Americans in the Early 1960s
Living
Conditions
• Did not share
in the
prosperity of
the 1950s
• Average
income was
less than half
that of white
American men
• Suffered
disproportiona
tely from poor
health
Termination
Policy
• Plan to draw
Native Americans
out of the isolated
reservations and
into mainstream
society
• Method used was
to stop federal
services to
reservations and
relocate Native
Americans to
cities
A Movement
• Native Americans
condemned
termination because
it did nothing to
help Native
Americans adjust to
mainstream society
• Drafted the
Declaration of Indian
Purpose
• Marked the
beginning of the Red
Power movement
Native Americans Fight for Fairness
President Johnson established the National Council on
Indian Opportunity to get Native Americans more
involved in setting policy regarding Indian affairs.
Real change, however, came from the efforts of Native
American political activists.
Congress passed laws that enhanced education, health
care, voting rights, and religious freedom for Native
Americans.
Native Americans Fight for Fairness
Occupation of Alcatraz
AIM
• A group of Native Americans
tried to reclaim Alcatraz
Island.
• The American Indian
Movement was founded in
Minnesota in 1968
• Claimed that the Treaty of
Fort Laramie gave them the
right to use any surplus
federal territory
• Became the major force
behind the Red Power
movement
• The occupation lasted for 18
months, until federal
marshals removed the group
by force.
• Goals of Aim were a renewal
of traditional cultures,
economic independence, and
better education for Native
Americans
• Partly as a result, New Mexico
returned 48,000 acres of land
to the Taos Pueblo in 1970.
• During “The Trail of Broken
Treaties” protestors took over
the Bureau of Indian Affairs
• The successful occupation of
Alcatraz led to the founding
of the American Indian
Movement
Accessing the Progress of the Fight for
Fairness
Congress passed a number of laws in the 1970s to
enhance education, health care, voting rights, and
religious freedom for Native Americans.
The Red Power movement succeeded in instilling a sense
of pride in Native Americans around the nation
Despite these accomplishments, Native Americans
continued to face many problems.
Unemployment remained high and the high school
dropout rate among Native Americans was the highest in
the nation.
Women's Liberation Movement
Draw the chart, fill in the effects
Causes
Effects
Discrimination in the workplace,
 National Organization of Women
school, justice system, acts of violence Formed
against women
Abortion Rights
Women's Liberation Movement
Draw the chart, fill in the effects
Causes
Discrimination in the
workplace, school, justice
system, acts of violence
against women
Abortion Rights
Effects
National Organization of
Women Formed
Nonviolent acts of civil
disobedience
Lawsuits filed
Government officials
lobbied
Equal Rights Amendment

Roe v. Wade